精简英国文学教案Week14.docx
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精简英国文学教案Week14.docx
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精简英国文学教案Week14
Week14.
目的:
理解哈代以及〈苔丝〉,再学习英国获诺贝尔奖的作家
1.Hisworks
Hardypublishedtwomorenovels,Tessofthed’Urbervilles(1891)andJudetheObscure(1895),whichwerehislastlongfictionworks.ThelastnovelschallengedthesensibilitiesofVictorianreaderswithsituationsthatruffledmanyaVictorianfeather:
immoralsex,murder,illegitimatechildren,andtheunmarriedlivingtogether.HeateddebateandcriticismoverthesetwobookshelpedHardydecidethathewouldratherwritepoetry.Infact,sostungwashebythecriticismofhisworksthatHardydidnotwriteanothernovel.
Hardywroteshortstories,poems,andplaysfortherestofhislife.Twofurthervolumesofpoetryandshortstoriesappeared,TheDynasts:
ADramaoftheNapoleonicWars(1903–08)andWinterWords(1928),avolumeofverse.Hardywasquiteprolificduringthisperiod,writingsome900poemsonavarietyofsubjects.In1912,Hardy’swife,Emma,died,ending20yearsof“domesticestrangement.”In1914,HardymarriedFlorenceEmilyDugdale,withwhomheliveduntilhisdeathonJanuary11,1928.
Hardy’sbodywasburiedatWestminsterAbbeyinPoet’sCorner,whilehisheartwasburiedinStinson,England,nearthegravesofhisancestorsandhisfirstwife,Emma.Hissecondwifewaslaterburiednearherhusband.
2.KeyFacts
fulltitle · Tessofthed’Urbervilles
author · ThomasHardy
typeofwork · Novel
genre · Victorian,tragic
language · English
timeandplacewritten · 1880s,England
dateoffirstpublication · 1891
publisher · RandomHouse,butalsopublishedseriallyindifferentperiodicals
narrator · Anonymous
pointofview · Thenarratorspeaksinthethirdperson,andlooksdeepintothecharacters’minds.Thenarratorisobjectivebuthasanomniscientunderstandingoffutureimplicationsofcharacters’actionsastheyhappen.
tone · Realistic,pessimistic
tense · Past
setting(time) · The1880sand1890s
setting(place) · Wessex,thesouthwestofEngland
protagonist · TessDurbeyfield
majorconflict · Tessisseduced,impregnated,andabandonedbythesonofherupper-classpatroness,makingherunacceptabletohertrueloveAngellaterinlife.motifs · Birds;theBookofGenesis;variantnames
symbols · Prince;thed’Urbervillefamilyvault;Brazil
3.TessDurbeyfield
Intelligent,strikinglyattractive,anddistinguishedbyherdeepmoralsensitivityandpassionateintensity,Tessisindisputablythecentralcharacterofthenovelthatbearshername.Butsheisalsomorethanadistinctiveindividual:
Hardymakesherintosomewhatofamythicheroine.Hername,formallyTheresa,recallsSt.TeresaofAvila,anothermartyrwhosevisionofahigherrealitycostherherlife.OthercharactersoftenrefertoTessinmythicalterms,aswhenAngelcallshera“DaughterofNature”inChapterXVIII,orreferstoherbytheGreekmythologicalnames“Artemis”and“Demeter”inChapterXX.ThenarratorhimselfsometimesdescribesTessasmorethananindividualwoman,butassomethingclosertoamythicalincarnationofwomanhood.InChapterXIV,hesaysthathereyesare“neitherblacknorbluenorgreynorviolet;ratheralltheseshadestogether,”like“analmoststandardwoman.”Tess’sstorymaythusbea“standard”story,representingadeeperandlargerexperiencethanthatofasingleindividual.
Inpart,TessrepresentsthechangingroleoftheagriculturalworkersinEnglandinthelatenineteenthcentury.Possessinganeducationthatherunschooledparentslack,sinceshehaspassedtheSixthStandardoftheNationalSchools,Tessdoesnotquitefitintothefolkcultureofherpredecessors,butfinancialconstraintskeepherfromrisingtoahigherstationinlife.Shebelongsinthathigherworld,however,aswediscoveronthefirstpageofthenovelwiththenewsthattheDurbeyfieldsarethesurvivingmembersofthenobleandancientfamilyofthed’Urbervilles.ThereisaristocracyinTess’sblood,visibleinhergracefulbeauty—yetsheisforcedtoworkasafarmhandandmilkmaid.Whenshetriestoexpressherjoybysinginglower-classfolkballadsatthebeginningofthethirdpartofthenovel,theydonotsatisfyher—sheseemsnotquitecomfortablewiththosepopularsongs.But,ontheotherhand,herdiction,whilemorepolishedthanhermother’s,isnotquiteuptothelevelofAlec’sorAngel’s.Sheisinbetween,bothsociallyandculturally.Thus,Tessisasymbolofunclearandunstablenotionsofclassinnineteenth-centuryBritain,whereoldfamilylinesretainedtheirearlierglamour,butwherecoldeconomicrealitiesmadesheerwealthmoreimportantthaninnernobility.
Beyondhersocialsymbolism,Tessrepresentsfallenhumanityinareligioussense,asthefrequentbiblicalallusionsinthenovelremindus.JustasTess’sclanwasoncegloriousandpowerfulbutisnowsadlydiminished,sotoodidtheearlygloryofthefirsthumans,AdamandEve,fadewiththeirexpulsionfromEden,makinghumanssadshadowsofwhattheyoncewere.TessthusrepresentswhatisknowninChristiantheologyasoriginalsin,thedegradedstateinwhichallhumanslive,evenwhen—likeTessherselfafterkillingPrinceorsuccumbingtoAlec—theyarenotwhollyordirectlyresponsibleforthesinsforwhichtheyarepunished.ThistormentrepresentsthemostuniversalsideofTess:
sheisthemythofthehumanwhosuffersforcrimesthatarenotherownandlivesalifemoredegradedthanshedeserves.
1.weddingnight
Tesswritestohermotherandreceivesaresponsebytheendoftheweek.JoanDurbeyfieldtellsTessnottotellofherpast.Joanalsomentionsthatabarrelofalcoholicciderwillbesentforaweddingpresent.TessdecidesnottotellAngelofherhistory.
Aftertheyleavetheweddingceremony,Tesstriestoconfessherpastsins,butAngelwillnothearofit.TheluggagearrivesviaJonathanKail,aTalbothaysdairyman,whotellsthenewcouplethatRettyhadtriedtocommitsuicide,Mariangets“deaddrunk,”andIzzismopingaroundthehousedepressed.Tessfeelsguiltythatshehadsomehandintheincidentsthathappenedtoherfriends.ThenTessandAngelconfesstheirsins,firstAngel,thenTess.
AngelcannotforgiveTessforherpast:
“OTess,forgivenessdoesnotapplytothecase!
Youwereoneperson;nowyouareanother.”TessisdumbfoundedbyAngel’sreactionandseekstohavehimunderstandherplight.Hecannotseeherpastassheseesit.Tesssuggeststhattheywillnolongerbeabletolivetogetherandthatshecouldendhissufferingthroughdivorceorherownsuicide.Angelrejectsbothpropositions.Headdsinjurytoinsultsaying,“Decrepitfamiliesimplydecrepitwills,decrepitconduct.”Tessisnearlyspeechless.Insteadofremainingwithhiswifeontheirhoneymoonnight,Angelsleepsonthecouchdownstairs.
AbouttheNovel
CharacterMap
2.themes
TheInjusticeofExistence
UnfairnessdominatesthelivesofTessandherfamilytosuchanextentthatitbeginstoseemlikeageneralaspectofhumanexistenceinTessofthed’Urbervilles.TessdoesnotmeantokillPrince,butsheispunishedanyway,justassheisunfairlypunishedforherownrapebyAlec.Noristherejusticewaitinginheaven.Christianityteachesthatthereiscompensationintheafterlifeforunhappinesssufferedinthislife,buttheonlydevoutChristianencounteredinthenovelmaybethereverend,Mr.Clare,whoseemsmoreorlesscontentinhislifeanyway.Forothersintheirmisery,Christianityofferslittlesolaceofheavenlyjustice.Mrs.Durbeyfieldnevermentionsotherworldlyrewards.TheconvertedAlecpreachesheavenlyjusticeforearthlysinners,buthisfaithseemsshallowandinsincere.Generally,themoralatmosphereofthenovelisnotChristianjusticeatall,butpaganinjustice.Theforcesthatrulehumanlifeareabsolutelyunpredictableandnotnecessarilywell-disposedtous.Thepre-Christianritualspracticedbythefarmworkersattheopeningofthenovel,andTess’sfinalrestatStonehengeattheend,remindusofaworldwherethegodsarenotjustandfair,butwhimsicalanduncaring.Whenthenarratorconcludesthenovelwiththestatementthat“‘Justice’wasdone,andthePresidentoftheImmortals(intheAeschyleanphrase)hadendedhissportwithTess,”weareremindedthatjusticemustbeputinironicquotationmarks,sinceitisnotreallyjustatall.Whatpassesfor“Justice”isinfactoneofthepagangodsenjoyingabitof“sport,”orafrivolousgame.
ChangingIdeasofSocialClassinVictorianEngland
Tessofthed’Urbervillespresentscomplexpicturesofboththeimportanceofsocialclassinnineteenth-centuryEnglandandthedifficultyofdefiningclassinanysimpleway.CertainlytheDurbeyfieldsareapowerfulemblemofthewayinwhichclassisnolongerevaluatedinVictoriantimesasitwouldhavebeenintheMiddleAges—thatis,bybloodalone,withnoattentionpaidtofortuneorworldlysuccess.IndubitablytheDurbeyfieldshavepurityofblood,yetfortheparsonandnearlyeveryoneelseinthenovel,thisfactamountstonothingmorethanapieceofgenealogicaltrivia.IntheVictoriancontext,cashmattersmorethanlineage,whichexplainshowSimonStokes,Alec’sfather,wassmoothlyabletousehislargefortunetopurchasealustrousfamilynameandtransformhisclanintotheStoke-d’Urbervilles.Thed’UrbervillespassforwhattheDurbeyfieldstrulyare—authenticnobility—simplybecausedefinitionsofclasshavechanged.TheissueofclassconfusionevenaffectstheClareclan,whosemostpromisingson,Angel,isintentonbecomingafarmerandmarryingamilkmaid,thusbypassingthetraditionalprivilegesofaCambridgeeducationandaparsonage.HiswillingnesstoworksidebysidewiththefarmlaborershelpsendearhimtoTess,andtheira
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