Atoms for Peace.docx
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Atoms for Peace.docx
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AtomsforPeace
AtomsforPeace
madampresidentandmembersofthegeneralassembly:
whensecretarygeneralhammarskjoldsinvitationtoaddressthisgeneralassemblyreachedmeinbermuda,iwasjustbeginningaseriesofconferenceswiththeprimeministersandforeignministersofgreatbritainandoffrance.oursubjectwassomeoftheproblemsthatbesetourworld.
duringtheremainderofthebermudaconference,ihadconstantlyinmindthataheadofmelayagreathonor.thathonorisminetoday,asistandhere,privilegedtoaddressthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednations.
atthesametimethatiappreciatethedistinctionofaddressingyou,ihaveasenseofexhilarationasilookuponthisassembly.neverbeforeinhistoryhassomuchhopeforsomanypeoplebeengatheredtogetherinasingleorganization.yourdeliberationsanddecisionsduringthesesomberyearshavealreadyrealizedpartofthosehopes.
butthegreattestsandthegreataccomplishmentsstilllieahead.andintheconfidentexpectationofthoseaccomplishments,iwouldusetheofficewhich,forthetimebeing,ihold,toassureyouthatthegovernmentoftheunitedstateswillremainsteadfastinitssupportofthisbody.thisweshalldointheconvictionthatyouwillprovideagreatshareofthewisdom,ofthecourage,andthefaithwhichcanbringtothisworldlastingpeaceforallnations,andhappinessandwell-beingforallmen.
clearly,itwouldnotbefittingformetotakethisoccasiontopresenttoyouaunilateralamericanreportonbermuda.nevertheless,iassureyouthatinourdeliberationsonthatlovelyislandwesoughttoinvokethosesamegreatconceptsofuniversalpeaceandhumandignitywhicharesocleanlyetchedinyourcharter.neitherwoulditbeameasureofthisgreatopportunitymerelytorecite,howeverhopefully,piousplatitudes.
ithereforedecidedthatthisoccasionwarrantedmysayingtoyousomeofthethingsthathavebeenonthemindsandheartsofmylegislativeandexecutiveassociates,andonmine,foragreatmanymonths--thoughtsihadoriginallyplannedtosayprimarilytotheamericanpeople.
iknowthattheamericanpeoplesharemydeepbeliefthatifadangerexistsintheworld,itisadangersharedbyall;andequally,thatifhopeexistsinthemindofonenation,thathopeshouldbesharedbyall.
finally,ifthereistobeadvancedanyproposaldesignedtoeaseevenbythesmallestmeasurethetensionsoftodaysworld,whatmoreappropriateaudiencecouldtherebethanthemembersofthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednations.ifeelimpelledtospeaktodayinalanguagethatinasenseisnew,onewhichi,whohavespentsomuchofmylifeinthemilitaryprofession,wouldhavepreferrednevertouse.thatnewlanguageisthelanguageofatomicwarfare.
theatomicagehasmovedforwardatsuchapacethateverycitizenoftheworldshouldhavesomecomprehension,atleastincomparativeterms,oftheextentofthisdevelopment,oftheutmostsignificancetoeveryoneofus.clearly,ifthepeoplesoftheworldaretoconductanintelligentsearchforpeace,theymustbearmedwiththesignificantfactsoftodaysexistence.
myrecitalofatomicdangerandpowerisnecessarilystatedinunitedstatesterms,forthesearetheonlyincontrovertiblefactsthatiknow.ineedhardlypointouttothisassembly,however,thatthissubjectisglobal,notmerelynationalincharacter.
onjuly16,1945,theunitedstatessetofftheworldsfirstatomicexplosion.
sincethatdatein1945,theunitedstatesofamericahasconductedforty-twotestexplosions.atomicbombstodayaremorethantwenty-fivetimesaspowerfulastheweaponswithwhichtheatomicagedawned,whilehydrogenweaponsareintherangesofmillionsoftonsoftntequivalent.
today,theunitedstatesstockpileofatomicweapons,which,ofcourse,increasesdaily,exceedsbymanytimesthetotal[explosive]equivalentofthetotalofallbombsandallshellsthatcamefromeveryplaneandeverygunineverytheatreofwarinalltheyearsofworldwarii.
asingleairgroup,whetherafloatorlandbased,cannowdelivertoanyreachabletargetadestructivecargoexceedinginpowerallthebombsthatfellonbritaininallofworldwarii.insizeandvariety,thedevelopmentofatomicweaponshasbeennolessremarkable.thedevelopmenthasbeensuchthatatomicweaponshavevirtuallyachievedconventionalstatuswithinourarmedservices.
intheunitedstates,thearmy,thenavy,theairforce,andthemarinecorpsareallcapableofputtingthisweapontomilitaryuse.butthedreadsecretandthefearfulenginesofatomicmightarenotoursalone.
inthefirstplace,thesecretispossessedbyourfriendsandallies,greatbritainandcanada,whosescientificgeniusmadeatremendouscontributiontoouroriginaldiscoveriesandthedesignsofatomicbombs.
thesecretisalsoknownbythesovietunion.
thesovietunionhasinformedusthat,overrecentyears,ithasdevotedextensiveresourcestoatomicweapons.duringthisperiodthesovietunionhasexplodedaseriesofatomicdevices,includingatleastoneinvolvingthermo-nuclearreactions.ifatonetimetheunitesstatespossessedwhatmighthavebeencalledamonopolyofatomicpower,thatmonopolyceasedtoexistseveralyearsago.
therefore,althoughourearlierstarthaspermittedustoaccumulatewhatistodayagreatquantitativeadvantage,theatomicrealitiesoftodaycomprehendtwofactsofevengreatersignificance.
first,theknowledgenowpossessedbyseveralnationswilleventuallybesharedbyothers,possiblyallothers.
second,evenavastsuperiorityinnumbersofweapons,andaconsequentcapabilityofdevastatingretaliation,isnopreventive,ofitself,againstthefearfulmaterialdamageandtollofhumanlivesthatwouldbeinflictedbysurpriseaggression.thefreeworld,atleastdimlyawareofthesefacts,hasnaturallyembarkedonalargeprogramofwarninganddefensesystems.thatprogramwillbeacceleratedandexpanded.butletnoonethinkthattheexpenditureofvastsumsforweaponsandsystemsofdefensecanguaranteeabsolutesafetyforthecitiesandcitizensofanynation.theawfularithmeticoftheatomicbombdoesnotpermitofanysucheasysolution.evenagainstthemostpowerfuldefense,anaggressorinpossessionoftheeffectiveminimumnumberofatomicbombsforasurpriseattackcouldprobablyplaceasufficientnumberofhisbombsonthechosentargetstocausehideousdamage.
shouldsuchanatomicattackbelaunchedagainsttheunitedstates,ourreactionswouldbeswiftandresolute.butformetosaythatthedefensecapabilitiesoftheunitedstatesaresuchthattheycouldinflictterriblelossesuponanaggressor,formetosaythattheretaliationcapabilitiesoftheunitesstatesaresogreatthatsuchanaggressorslandwouldbelaidwaste,allthis,whilefact,isnotthetrueexpressionofthepurposeandthehopeoftheunitedstates.
topausetherewouldbetoconfirmthehopelessfinalityofabeliefthattwoatomiccolossiaredoomedmalevolentlytoeyeeachotherindefinitelyacrossatremblingworld.tostoptherewouldbetoaccepthelplesslytheprobabilityofcivilizationdestroyed,theannihilationoftheirreplaceableheritageofmankindhandeddowntousegenerationfromgeneration,andthecondemnationofmankindtobeginalloveragaintheage-oldstruggleupwardfromsavagerytowarddecency,andright,andjustice.surelynosanememberofthehumanracecoulddiscovervictoryinsuchdesolation.
couldanyonewishhisnametobecoupledbyhistorywithsuchhumandegradationanddestruction?
occasionalpagesofhistorydorecordthefacesofthegreatdestroyers,butthewholebookofhistoryrevealsmankindsnever-endingquestforpeaceandmankindsgod-givencapacitytobuild.
itiswiththebookofhistory,andnotwithisolatedpages,thattheunitedstateswilleverwishtobeidentified.mycountrywantstobeconstructive,notdestructive.itwantsagreements,notwars,amongnations.itwantsitselftoliveinfreedomandintheconfidencethatthepeopleofeveryothernationenjoyequallytherightofchoosingtheirownwayoflife.
somycountryspurposeistohelpustomoveoutofthedarkchamberofhorrorsintothelight,tofindawaybywhichthemindsofmen,thehopesofmen,thesoulsofmeneverywhere,canmoveforwardtowardspeaceandhappinessandwell-being.
inthisquest,iknowthatwemustnotlackpatience.iknowthatinaworlddivided,suchasourstoday,salvationcannotbeattainedbyonedramaticact.iknowthatmanystepswillhavetobetakenovermanymonthsbeforetheworldcanlookatitselfonedayandtrulyrealizethatanewclimateofmutuallypeacefulconfidenceisabroadintheworld.butiknow,aboveallelse,thatwemuststarttotakethesestepsnow.
theunitedstatesanditsallies,greatbritainandfrance,have,overthepastmonths,triedtotakesomeofthesesteps.letnoonesaythatweshuntheconferencetable.ontherecordhaslongstoodtherequestoftheunitedstates,greatbritain,andfrancetonegotiatewiththesovietuniontheproblemsofadividedgermany.onthatrecordhaslongstoodtherequestofthesamethreenationstonegotiateanaustrianpeacetreaty.onthesamerecordstillstandstherequestoftheunitednationstonegotiatetheproblemsofkorea.
mostrecentlywehavereceivedfromthesovietunionwhatisineffectanexpressionofwillingnesstoholdafour-powermeeting.alongwithourallies,greatbritainandfrance,wewerepleasedtoseethathisnotedidnotcontaintheunacceptablepre-conditionspreviouslyputforward.asyoualreadyknowfromourjointbermudacommuniqu,theunitedstates,
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