ethical problemsjournalists英语论文.docx
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ethical problemsjournalists英语论文.docx
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ethicalproblemsjournalists英语论文
1)What are some of the main differences between television journalism and print journalism?
2)What are some of the main differences between online journalism and print journalism?
3)What are some of the benefits and disadvantages of citizen journalism?
4)How is journalism regulated in Britain and/or the United States?
5)What are some of the main ethical problems facing journalists today?
6)What are some of the main differences between Chinese journalism and American or British journalism?
7)How do you think British or American or Chinese journalism will develop in the future?
8) What are some of the differences and similarities between Chinese journalism education and American or British journalism education?
9 ) Compare two articles from two different new publications (at least one in English) about either the European financial crisis; the 2012 presidential election or the problems in Syria. What are some of the differences between the two articles?
Essay length should be between 1500-1800 words. Please do not write more than 1800 words!
You will be assessed for English writing skills, ideas and use of professional vocabulary. Deadline Friday 22nd June.
Theymakeorhidethenews.
Ifthemediadoesnotwantastorytobecomeknown,theyburyitinthemidstoftheirpaperorprogramorjustoutrightignoreit.
OneyearintotheIraqWar,abig-namereporterwaslisteningtoanArmyCaptainexplainthemilitary’saccomplishmentsinbuildingabetterIraq. Cleanwater,electricity,suppliesfororphanages&schools-oftenraisedbythemilitarythemselves,...
Iforgetwhoitwas(PeterJennings,TomBrokaw,orBrianWilliams,StonePhilips)saystotheCaptain, "That’sgreat,howdoesyourstorygetout".
ThengenocideintheSudanorNatalieHolloway. Nocontest,Wherewouldyouratherspendexpenseaccountmoney?
Whichplacehastheairconditionedhotels&barswithtopqualitybooze.
AftertheClintonimpeachmentfiasco,somejournalistsblameClintonfordistractingthemfromtheimportantissueintheBalkans. Whoaretheytryingtofool?
Ididn'tneedtoseeKenStarrcarryingouthisgarbage(realhouseholdwaste-notthemediacircus) everymorningastheleadstoryonthenationalnews. ImeanABC,CBS,&NBCintheirhalfhourtimeslot.
Again,wheredoyouwanttospendyourexpenseaccountmonies, WashingtonDCorKosovo?
Britney,MichaelJackson,Paris,Lindsey,adnauseumfillsourpapers&airwaves. Ifitisnotthatitisbiases. Apublisheroncesaid,"Idon'tcareifmyreportersaremakinglovetotheelephants,butiftheyare,theywillnotbeassignedtoreportonthecircus". Thiswaswhenthemediareportedonthenews,notshapedittopresenttheirviews.
5ideasforyou...
1.Thedemandfornewsvs.theriskstoour menandwomen ofembeddingjournalistswiththetroops.
2.Thedemandfornewswithsizzlethatsellsvs.thevalueofnewsanalysis;e.g.,the10pm/11pmnewsvs.theLehrerNewsHour
3.Theethicalboundstogettingthebreakingstory;e.g.,embeddingajournalistwithaterrorgroup
4.Definingtheboundsbetweentelling allsidesofastoryvs.presentingaone-sidedpseudopropagandapiece
5.Ensuringthatheart-andgut-wrenchingphotojournalismdoesn'tbecomeone-sidedpropaganda
Ideas4and5areofspecialinteresttomeastheywalktofuzzyareabetweenthenewsandpropaganda. Ifyouneedreadydataonthis,gotocoverageofIsraelandthePalestinians. Oddlyenough,themostbalancedreportingIhavefoundcomesnotfromoutsidetheregionbutfrom1Israelinewspaper. Attheriskofgeneralizing,Arab,European,andUKmediatendtoweighinononesideofthesituation. MostUSmediaweighinontheotherside.SometopqualityjournalismcomesfromBBCcoverageofworldnews. Yet,onthissubject,youwillfindthemalongwiththeGuardian,andeventheIndependentasreasonablysystematicallybiasedagainstIsrael. Ifthatwereallyoureadforinformation,itisnowonderyoumightbeone-sidedinyourpoliticalviews.
Hopethishelps. Bytheway,whatnamedidyouendupgoingwithonyourotherproject?
Relationshipwithfreedomofthepress
Incountrieswithout freedomofthepress,themajorityofpeoplewhoreportthenewsmaynotfollowtheabove-describedstandardsofjournalism.Non-freemediaareoftenprohibitedfromcriticizingthenationalgovernment,andinmanycasesarerequiredtodistribute propaganda asifitwerenews.Variousotherformsof censorship mayrestrictreportingonissuesthegovernmentdeemssensitive.
Variations,violations,andcontroversies
Thereareanumberoffinerpointsofjournalisticprocedurethatfosterdisagreementsinprincipleandvariationinpracticeamong"mainstream"journalistsinthefreepress.Lawsconcerninglibelandslandervaryfromcountrytocountry,andlocaljournalisticstandardsmaybetailoredtofit.Forexample,the UnitedKingdom hasabroaderdefinitionoflibelthandoesthe UnitedStates.
Accuracyisimportantasacorevalueandtomaintaincredibility,butespeciallyinbroadcastmedia,audienceshareoftengravitatestowardoutletsthatarereportingnewinformationfirst.Differentorganizationsmaybalancespeedandaccuracyindifferentways.The NewYorkTimes,forinstance,tendstoprintlonger,moredetailed,lessspeculative,andmorethoroughlyverifiedpiecesadayortwolaterthanmanyothernewspapers.[citationneeded] 24-hourtelevisionnewsnetworkstendtoplacemuchmoreemphasisongettingthe"scoop."Here,viewersmayswitchchannelsatamoment'snotice;withfiercecompetitionforratingsandalargeamountofairtimetofill,freshmaterialisveryvaluable.Becauseofthefastturn-around,reportersforthesenetworksmaybeunderconsiderabletimepressure,whichreducestheirabilitytoverifyinformation.
Lawswithregardtopersonal privacy,officialsecrets,andmediadisclosureofnamesandfactsfrom criminal casesandcivil lawsuits differwidely,andjournalisticstandardsmayvaryaccordingly.Differentorganizationsmayhavedifferentanswerstoquestionsaboutwhenitisjournalisticallyacceptabletoskirt,circumvent,orevenbreaktheseregulations.Anotherexampleofdifferencessurroundingharmreductionisthereportingofpreliminaryelectionresults.IntheUnitedStates,somenewsorganizationsfeelthatitisharmfultothedemocraticprocesstoreportexitpollresultsorpreliminaryreturnswhilevotingisstillopen.Suchreportsmayinfluencepeoplewhovotelaterintheday,orwhoareinwesterntimezones,intheirdecisionsabouthowandwhetherornottovote.Thereisalsosomeconcernthatsuchpreliminaryresultsareofteninaccurateandmaybemisleadingtothepublic.Otheroutletsfeelthatthisinformationisavitalpartofthetransparencyoftheelectionprocess,andseenoharm(ifnotconsiderablebenefit)inreportingit.
Examplesofethicaldilemmas
Oneoftheprimaryfunctionsofjournalismethicsistoaidjournalistsindealingwithmany ethicaldilemmas theymayencounter.Fromhighlysensitiveissuesof nationalsecurity toeverydayquestionssuchasacceptingadinnerfromasource,puttingabumperstickeronone'scar,publishingapersonalopinion blog,ajournalistmustmakedecisionstakingintoaccountthingssuchasthepublic'srighttoknow,potentialthreats,reprisalsandintimidationsofallkinds,personalintegrity,conflictsbetweeneditors,reportersandpublishersormanagement,andmanyothersuchconundra.Thefollowingareillustrationsofsomeofthose.
▪The PentagonPapers dealtwithextremelydifficultethicaldilemmasfacedbyjournalists.Despitegovernmentintervention, TheWashingtonPost,joinedby TheNewYorkTimes,feltthepublicinterestwasmorecompellingandbothpublishedreports.(ThecaseswenttotheSupremeCourtwheretheyweremergedandareknownas NewYorkTimesCo.v.UnitedStates,403U.S.713.[20]
▪TheWashingtonPost alsooncepublishedastoryaboutalisteningdevicethatthe UnitedStates hadinstalledoveranundersea Soviet cableduringtheheightofthe coldwar.ThedeviceallowedtheUnitedStatestolearnwhereSovietsubmarineswerepositioned.Inthatcase,PostExecutiveEditor BenBradlee chosenottorunthestoryon nationalsecurity grounds.However,theSovietssubsequentlydiscoveredthedeviceand,accordingtoBradlee,"Itwasnolongeramatterofnationalsecurity.Itwasamatterofnationalembarrassment."However,theU.S.governmentstillwantedTheWashingtonPostnottorunthestoryonthebasisofnationalsecurity,yet,accordingtoBradlee,"Weranthestory.Andyouknowwhat,thesunrosethenextday."[21]
▪The CenterforInternationalMediaEthics,aninternationalnon-profitorganisation"offersplatformformediaprofessionalstofollowcurrentethicaldilemmasofthepress"throughitsblog.Besideshighlightingtheethicalconcernsofrecentstories,journalistsareencourgaedtoexpresstheirownopinion.Theorganisation"urgesjournaliststomaketheirownjudgmentsandidentifytheirownstrategies."[22]
▪The EthicsAdviceLineforJournalists,ajointventure,publicserviceprojectofChicagoHeadlineClubChapteroftheSocietyofProfessionalJournalistsand LoyolaUniversityChicagoCenterforEthicsandSocialJustice,providessomeexamplesoftypicalethicaldilemmasreportedtotheirethicaldilemmahotlineandaretypicalofthekindsofquestionsfacedbymanyprofessionaljournalists.
ApartiallistingofquestionsreceivedbyTheEthicsAdviceLine:
[23]
▪Isitethicaltomakeanappointmenttointerviewanarsonistsoughtbypolice,withoutinformingpoliceinadvanceoftheinterview?
▪Islackofproperattributionplagiarism?
▪Shouldareporterwriteastorya
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