英美文学考试.docx
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英美文学考试.docx
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英美文学考试
Epic:
Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated。
Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.
Romance:
Anyimaginaryliteraturethatdescribedtheidealismworldandthatdealswithheroicandadventuresorbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters。
IngeneralitwasamedievaltalewhichinvolvewithloversandadventuresofKings,Queens,Knights,andLadies,andincludingsomeunlikelyorsupernaturalismhappenings。
Verse:
Formofwriting,arrangedinlines,eachcontainingapatternofaccentedandunaccentedsyllables,allgroupsoflinesformingaunitofrhymescheme.
JohnDryden:
Englishpoetryanddramatists,alsoconsideredthefatherofEnglishliteraturecriticism,hebecamethePoetLaureatein1668。
BlackVerse:
Blankverseisaversethatiswritteninunrhymediambicpentameter,usedinShakespeare'sdramasandMilton'sParadiseLost,isoneofthemostcommonmetricalpatternsinEnglishpoetry.
Gothicnovels-Andfromthemiddleparttotheendofthecenturytherewasalsoanapparentshiftofinterestfromtheclassicliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination,fromsocietytoindividual,andfromthedidactictotheconfessional(忏悔的),inspirationalandprophetic。
Gothicnovels—mostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidated(荒废的,破旧的)andMiddleAgecastles-wereturnedoutprofusely(丰富的)bybothmaleandfemalewriters;workssuchasTheCastleofOtranto(1765)byHoraceWalpole,ThemysteriesofUdolpho(1794)andTheItalian(1797)byMrs.AnnRadcliffe,TheChampionofVirtue,aGothicStory(1777)byClaraReeve,andTheMonk(1796)byM。
G.Lewisbecameverypopular.Eulogizing(颂扬,称赞)orlamenting(挽歌,哀掉)lyricsbynaturepoetslikeJamesThomson,WilliamCollins,andWilliamCowper,andbysuchsentimentalists(多愁善感的人)asthe”GraveyardSchool”werewidelyread.TheromanticpoemsoftheScottishpeasantpoet,RobertBurnsandWilliamBlakealsojoinedin,pavingthewayfortheflourishofRomanticismearlythenextcentury。
Modernismroseoutofskepticism(怀疑主义)anddisillusion(使醒悟)ofcapitalism(资本主义).Theappalling(可怕的)shockoftheFirstWorldWarseverelydestroyedpeople’sfaithintheVictorianvalues;andtheriseoftheirrational(荒谬的)philosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincited(煽动,激励)writerstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.
TheFrenchsymbolism(象征主义),appearinginthelate19thcentury,heralded(预示着,先驱)modernism.AftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliteraturetrendsofmodernismappeared:
expressionism,surrealism,futurism,Dadaism(达达主义崇尚虚无的艺术派别),imagismandstreamofconsciousness.Towardsthe1920s,thesetrendsconverged(聚合)intoamightytorrentofmodernistmovement,whichsweptacrossthewholeEuropeandAmerica。
ThemajorfiguresthatwereassociatedwiththismovementwereKafka,Picasso,Pound,Webern,Eliot,JoyceandVirginiawoolf。
Modernismwassomewhatcurbed(抑制)inthe1930s。
ButaftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost—modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony(苦恼).”
Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho—analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted(扭曲的),alienated(疏远的)andillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective。
Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual。
Therefore,theypaymoreattentiontothepsychic(精神的,灵魂的)timethanthechronological(按时间顺序的)one。
Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingled(混合)togetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual。
Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism;itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;byadvocatingafreeexperimentation(实验)onnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism。
Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti—novel,anti—poetryandanti-drama.
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TheperiodofOldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland。
TheGermanictribesfromtheNorthernEuropebroughtwiththemnotonlytheAnglo—Saxonlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,butalsoaspecificpoetictradition,whichisbothboldandstrong,mournful(悲哀的)andelegiac(哀伤的)inspirit。
Generallyspeaking,theOldEnglishpoetrythathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:
thereligiousgroupandthesecular(世俗的)one。
Thepoetryofthereligiousgroupismainlyonbiblical(圣经的)themes。
GenesisA,GenesisBandExodusarepoemsbasedontheOldTestament(旧约);Whereas(然而)TheDreamoftheRood(基督受难的十字架)comesfromtheNewTestament(新约.Inthispoem,Christisportrayed(描绘)astheyoungwarriorstriding(大步行走)toembracedeathandvictory,whiletherood(cross)itselftakesontheburdenofhissuffering.Inadditiontothesereligiouscompositions,OldEnglishpoetsproducedthenationalepicpoem,Beowulf,andanumberofmoreorlesslyrical(抒情的)poemsofshorterlength,whichdonotcontainspecificChristiandoctrines(教义,信条),butevoke(唤起)theAnglo—Saxonsenseoftheharshness(严酷的)ofcircumstanceandthesadnessofthehumanlot。
TheWanderer,Deor,Theseafarer,andtheWife'scomplaintareamongthemostbeautifulinthisseculargroup。
TheharshclimateofNorthSeastronglyaffectedthetoneormoodofthepoets。
Thelifeissorrowful,andthespeakersarefatalistic(宿命论的),thoughatthesametimecourageousanddetermined.
Page82
Neoclassicists(新古典主义)hadsomefixedlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenre(流派)ofliterature。
Prose(散文)shouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic(说教的),satiric(讽刺的)ordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples。
DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets(英雄双韵体)(iambicpentameter(抑扬格五音步)rhymedintwolines);Thethreeunitiesoftime,spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved;regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredto,andtypecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented。
Page83
Andfromthemiddleparttotheendofthecenturytherewasalsoanapparentshiftofinterestfromtheclassicliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination,fromsocietytoindividual,andfromthedidactictotheconfessional(忏悔的),inspirationalandprophetic。
Gothicnovels-mostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidated(荒废的,破旧的)andMiddleAgecastles-wereturnedoutprofusely(丰富的)bybothmaleandfemalewriters;workssuchasTheCastleofOtranto(1765)byHoraceWalpole,ThemysteriesofUdolpho(1794)andTheItalian(1797)byMrs.AnnRadcliffe,TheChampionofVirtue,aGothicStory(1777)byClaraReeve,andTheMonk(1796)byM.G.Lewisbecameverypopular。
Eulogizing(颂扬,称赞)orlamenting(挽歌,哀掉)lyricsbynaturepoetslikeJamesThomson,WilliamCollins,andWilliamCowper,andbysuchsentimentalists(多愁善感的人)asthe"GraveyardSchool"werewidelyread。
TheromanticpoemsoftheScottishpeasantpoet,RobertBurnsandWilliamBlakealsojoinedin,pavingthewayfortheflourishofRomanticismearlythenextcentury。
Page157
ThemovementwhichwecallRomanticismissomethingnotsoeasytodefine,especiallyconcerningitscharacteristicsordates。
ForitisabroadmovementthataffectedthewholeofEurope(andAmerica)。
However,EnglishRomanticism,asahistoricalphaseofliterature,isgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge'sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.
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Ideologically,theVictoriansexperiencedfundamentalchanges。
Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newinventionsanddiscoveriesingeology(地质学),astronomy,biologyandanthropologydrasticallyshookpeople'sreligiousconvictions(信念)。
Thereligiouscollisionthatstartedfromtheearlynineteenthcenturycontinuedandwasintensified(变激烈)bythedisputesoverevolutionary(进化)science。
Darwin’sTheOriginofSpecies(1859)andTheDescent(血统)ofMan(1871)shookthetheoreticalbasisofthetraditionalfaith.Newscientificdiscoveriesincreasedpeople’sreligiousdoubtsandanxieties.InhislongpoemInMemoriam(悼念)Tennysonrecordedhisownexperienceofreligiousuncertaintiesbeforethefallingfaithingod。
Ontheotherhand,Utilitarianism(实用主义)waswidelyacceptedandpracticed。
Almosteverythingwasputtothetestbythecriterion(准则)ofutility,thatis,theextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.TheBibleandtheEvangelical(福音派)Orthodoxy(东正教)wereregardedeitherasanoutmoded(过时的)superstitionortestedbytheprincipleofutility。
Churchservicebecameaforminsteadofrealdevotion.Thistheoryheldaspecialappealtothemiddle—classindustrialists(工业家),whosegreeddrovethemtoexploitingworkerstotheutmostandbroughtgreatersufferingandpovertytotheworkingmass.Dickens,Carlyle,Ruskinandmanyothersociallyconsciouswritersseverelycriticizedtheutilitariancreed(信条,教义),especiallyitsdepreciati
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