乔治凯南8000字长电报George+Kennan+8000+word+long+telegram.docx
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乔治凯南8000字长电报George+Kennan+8000+word+long+telegram.docx
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乔治凯南8000字长电报George+Kennan+8000+word+long+telegram
乔治凯南8000字长电报(GeorgeKennan8000wordlongtelegram)
乔治凯南8000字长电报(GeorgeKennan8000wordlongtelegram)
TheAmericanembassyinSovietunion,GeorgeKennan,sentthetelegramtothestatecouncil
......
ThefirstpartoftheSovietpropagandamachine'sviewofthepostwarproblemwasasfollows:
A.TheSovietunionstilllivesinhostile"capitalencirclement",andinthelongrun,itissustainedwithcapitalism
Peacefulcoexistenceisnotpossible.AsStalintoldadelegationofAmericanworkersin1927.
"Willbeformedintheprocessofinternationalrevolutioncontinuestodevelopthecenterofthescaleofthetwoworlds.Oneistoputthosetendstocommunistcountriesgatheredaroundtheircommunistcenter,oneistoputthosetendstocapitalismcountriesgatheredaroundtheircapitalistcenter.Thetwocampstodominatetheworldeconomystruggleswilldeterminethefateofthewholeworldofcapitalismandcommunism."
B.Capitalismisplaguedbythecontradictionsinherentinit.Thesecontradictionscannotberesolvedbypeacefulcompromise,andthebiggestistheconflictbetweenBritainandtheUnitedStates.
C.theinherentcontradictionofcapitalismisinevitablygoingtobewar.Therearetwotypesofwars:
thewarsbetweenthe
twocapitalistcountriesandthewarstheyhavewagedagainstthesocialistworld.Theshrewdcapitalistswhowanttoescapethecontradictionsofcapitalismtendtobeinthelattercategory.
D.AlthoughinterferencewiththeSovietunionwouldbringdisastertothecountriesdoingso,theirinterventionwould,afterall,delaythedevelopmentofSovietsocialistsocialism.Soitmustbepreventedatallcosts.
E.thecontradictionbetweenthecapitalistcountries,althoughtheSovietunionalsoisfullofriskbutalsotopromotethecauseofsocialismprovidesthepossibilityofahuge,remainstrong,especiallyiftheSovietunioninthemilitaryfieldrocksolidintermsofideology,andloyaltoitwiseleader.
F.ItmustberememberedthattheSovietunionbelievedthatcapitalismwasnotallbad.Inadditiontoirredeemablereactionariesandbourgeoiselements,capitalistsocietiesinclude:
(1)tounitesomeveryopenandpositivepeoplewithinthecommunistparty.
(2)someothermolecules(nowthesakeofstrategycalledprogressunderstandingorDemocrats),theirreactions,desireandactivitieshappento"objectively"isconducivetotheinterestsoftheSovietunion.ThesecondspeciesmustbeencouragedandusedforthepurposeoftheSovietunion.
G.charactersontheoppositesideofthecapitalistsociety,themostdangerousistheso-calledpeople'sfalsefriendsthatLeninmoderatesocialistsorsocialDemocraticPartyleaders(inotherwords,andneversuccumbtothecommunistpartyoftheleft).Thesepeoplethanoutrightreactionariesmoredangerous,becausethereactionariesemergedastheyface,whilemoderateleftistleaderswithsocialistconfusepeople,toservetheinterestsofthereactionarycapital.
Sothat'sthepremise.FromthepointofviewofSovietpolicy,theywereinferredfromthesepremises:
A.mustdoeverythingpossibletoimprovetherelativestrengthoftheSovietunionasamemberoftheinternationalcommunity.
Conversely,don'tmissoutonanyopportunitytoweakenthepowerandinfluenceofallorveryindividualcapitalistcountries.
B.TheSovietunionanditsfriendsabroadmustbecommittedtodeepeningandexploitingthedifferencesandcontradictionsbetweenthecapitalistpowers.Ifthedifferencesandcontradictionsbetweenthecapitalistcountriesandthe"imperialist"warsweredeveloped,thenthecapitalistcountrieswouldhavetoturnthewarintoarevolutionaryuprising.
C.Maximizetheuseofforeign"Democratsandprogressives"toputpressureonthecapitalistgovernmentsinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofSovietinterests.
D.Mustberuthlesswithforeignsocialistsandsocialdemocraticleaders.
Thesecondpartofthisviewisthebackground.
SeveralaspectsoftheSovietcommunistpartylineshouldbepaidattentiontobeforetheconcreteimplementationofthecommunistpartyline.
First,thecommunistpartylinedoesnotrepresenttheoriginalviewoftheRussianpeople.Generallyspeaking,theRussianpeoplearefriendlytotheoutsideworld.Theyaspiretotherecognitionoftheoutsideworld,eagertocompetewiththepeopleoftheoutsideworldfortheirtalents,especiallythefruitsoftheirlaboursforapeacefullife.Thepartylineonlyrepresentstheofficialpropagandamachinewiththeclevertechniqueandthegreatpatiencetomaketheargumenttothemasses,whilethemasses"deepintheheart"oftenhaveasurprisingresistancetothosearguments.Butthepartylineisbindingontheviewsandactionsofthepeopleoftheparty,thesecretpolice,thegovernment,andsoon.
Second,payattentiontotheelementsoftheSovietcommunistpartyline,whicharelargelyuntrue.Experiencehasshownthatpeacefulcoexistencebetweencapitalismandsocialistcountriesisentirelypossible.Thebasiccontradictioninadvancedcountriesisnotthecontradictionbetweenthecapitalistownershipoftheproductioninformation,butthecontradictionbetweenurbanizationandindustrializationitself.Russiahassofarnotsufferedfromahighdegreeofurbanizationandindustrialization,notbecauseheis
socialist,butbecauseheisstillbackward.Thecompetitionwithincapitalismdoesnotnecessarilyproducewars,andwarsdonotalwaysresultfromit.AfterthedestructionofGermanyandJapan,aftertherecentwar,thepossibilityofinterventionintheSovietunionwasacompletenonsense.Ifthereisnoprovocationbythedissidentsandtheforcesengagedinsubversiveactivity,thepossibilityofpeacefulcoexistencebetweenthecapitalistworldandbetweenhimandRussiaishigh.Finally,nosanepersoncandoubtthesincerityofthemoderatesocialistleaderinthewest.IntheScandinavianpeninsula,forexample,wheneverthereisachance,theyalwaystrytheirbesttoimprovethelivingconditionsoftheworkingpeople,anddenythattheirachievementsinthisregardareunjust.
Theseconclusionsweremadebeforeworldwariiandprovedcompletelywrongbythewaritself.Infact,thedifferencesbetweenBritainandAmericaarenotthemaindifferencesbetweenthewest.Inadditiontotheaxiscountries,
Capitalistcountrieshavenointentionofresolvingtheirdifferencesbyjoiningtheanti-sovietcrusaders.TheSovietuniondidnotturnintoacivilwarorarevolution.Instead,theSovietunionhadtopubliclyrecognizeitasacommongoaltofightalongsidethecapitalistpowers.
However,nomatterhowunsubstantiatedandunproven,theyarestillboldtoday.Whatdoesthatmean?
ThissuggeststhattheSovietpartylinewasnotbasedonanobjectiveanalysisofRussianexternalforms.Indeed,hehadlittletodowithanythingbeyondtheSovietborder.Itisprimarilyaproduct
ofRussia'sinternalneeds,whichexistedbeforetherecentwar.It'sstilltheretoday.
Thekremlin'sneuroticviewofworldaffairsstemsfromtheRussian'straditionalandinstinctiveinsecurities.Apeacefulagriculturalnation,livingtogetherwiththefiercenomadsinthevastwilderness,wouldcreateasenseofinsecuritywithoutinsurance.Inadditiontotheseinsecurities,theinsecuritiesofthecountry,aswellastheeconomicandadvancedwesterncountries,addtothefearofamorecompetent,morepowerfulandorganizedsocietyinthewest.ThislatterinsecurityisnotsomuchtotorturetheRussianpeopleastotorturetheRussianrulers.BecauseRussia'srulersalwaysbelievedthattheirrulersknewthetruthabouttheoutsideworld,orthatforeignersknewthetruthinsideRussia,thattherewouldbeconsequences.Theonlywaytheylearntoseeksafetyistodestroythefightagainstthecountrythatcompeteswithhim,andneveragreeorcompromisewithanyothercountry.
HasbeenaroundforahalfacenturyinWesternEuropeandthereisnoeffectofmarxism,thefirstinRussiaundertheroot,andcausedtheprairiefire,itisnoaccident,thinkthatthesocialandeconomiccontradictionsbypeacefulmeanstosolvethisdoctrine,onlygetpromotedinRussia,becausethecountryhasneverbeenafriendlyneighbors.Infact,therehasneverbeenabalanceoftoleranceamongthegreatpowers,interandinternational.AftertheBolshevikregimesetupbyLeninexplanationofmarxismmorecruel,moreintolerant,thusbecometospreadtheperfecttoolofinsecurity,thisanxietymakesthebolsheviksevenruledmoredistressingthanRussiainthepast.Inthisbasicgoalbelongstothedoctrineofaltruism,
thebolshevikstotheirinnatefearoftheoutsideworld,fortheirdictatorialsystem,fortheiruseoftorture,andtodemandthesacrifice,findatheoreticalbasis.Undertheguiseofmarxism,theydiscardallmoralvaluesinmethodsandstrategies.Today,theycan'tlivewithoutmarxism.MarxismmakesthemaFIGleafofmoralandideologicalrespectability.TheydidnothavethisFIGleafinhistory,atbest,thelastgenerationofthetyrannicalandcivilRussianruler.TheruthlessrulersofRussiabroughttheirmilitarystrengthtoanunprecedentedpeaktoensurethattheinfirmityoftheregimewasexternallysecure.TheintentoftheSovietunionmustalwaysbesolemnlyclothedinthecloakofmarxism,
ThatiswhyitisimportanttonotunderestimatetheimportanceofdogmainSovietaffairs.Thisway,theleaderoftheSovietunionunderthehistoryandstatusquoofthepracticalneedof,putsforwardakindofdoctrine,theexternal,asasin,hostile,andthreatoftheSovietuniontheworld,andthattheworldwithingestatesthebacteriaspreaddisease,isbound
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