英国国家概况与文化.docx
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英国国家概况与文化.docx
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英国国家概况与文化
Chapter1
Introduction
●TheBritishIslesaregroupofislandssituatedoffthecontinentofEurope.TheBritishStateismadeupofGreatBritain(England,WalesandScotland)andNorthernIreland.Itisoneofthe15memberstatesoftheEuropeanCommunity.ItsfullnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(theUK)
●WhenamanistiredofLondon,heistiredoflife:
forthereisinLondonallthatlifecanafford.
●-------SamuelJohnson(1709—1794),Englishlexicographer
●TheoldestpartoftheCapital,theCityofLondon,alsoknownas‘squaresmile’,issituatedonthenorthernbankoftheRiverThamesbetweenTowerBridgeandLondonBridge.HerearealsoRoyalCourtofJustice,theOldBailey(CentralCriminalCourt)andStPaulCatheral.TotheWestaretheInnsCourtandfurtheruptheThamesistheCityofWestminsterwherearetheHouseofParliamentcontainingthebell-towerofBigBenandthegovernmentofficesofWhitehall.Nearby,thereareTrafalgarSquare,theNationalGallery,andWestminsterAbbeyandtheroyalresidencesofBuckinghamPalaceandSTJames’sPalace.
●TheWestEndandthesouthBankarefamousascentresfordramaandmusic.Therearenumerousparks,suchasRegent’sParkandHydeParktowhichthepublichavefreeaccess.
●WhiletheEastEndofLondonvividlydemonstratetheinequalityofBritishsociety.Thisistheareawherelessskilledworkersandpeopleunderpovertyarelocated.
Chapter2&Chapter3
Family&PersonalRelationship
Thepopularimageofa‘typical’Britishfamily
●Itconsistedofamarriedcouple.
●Neitherofthemhadbeenmarriedbefore
●Theyhavetwoorthreechildrenoftheirown
●Thehusbandworkedfull-timebutthewife’scareerwasprobablyinterruptedbychildren.
●Thewifedidmostofthehouseholdalthoughthehusbandhelpedoccasionally
●Lastly,allofthemembersareexpectedtobehappy.
●However,onlyminoritiesoffamilieshaveallofthesefeatures.
Thepopularimageofa‘typical’Britishfamily
●Itconsistedofamarriedcouple.
●Neitherofthemhadbeenmarriedbefore
●Theyhavetwoorthreechildrenoftheirown
●Thehusbandworkedfull-timebutthewife’scareerwasprobablyinterruptedbychildren.
●Thewifedidmostofthehouseholdalthoughthehusbandhelpedoccasionally
●Lastly,allofthemembersareexpectedtobehappy.
●However,onlyminoritiesoffamilieshaveallofthesefeatures.
●Marriageisoneofthehighestformofrelationship,affordingarocklikefoundationonwhichallthatisthebestinlifeofthenationisbuilt.
------Elizabeth,thewifeoftheKingGeorgeIVandthemotheroftheQueenElizateth.
●Decisiontogetmarried
●Engagement
●Weddingceremony
Youth
●TheteenageyearsinBritainarecharacterizedasquestioningattitude,beliefsandvalues.
OldAge
●Britainisanagingsociety
●Livingconditionsoftheoldage
Remainintheirownhouse
Livingwiththeirfamilymember
Day’scenter
Oldpeople’sclub
Chapter5
Work
ThePatternofEmployment
⏹ThetotalworkforceiniinSpring2007was31million,ofwhich
⏹29million(16millionmenand13millionwomen)wereactuallyinemployment.
⏹3.8millionofthesewereself-employed
HowHardDotheBritishwork?
Mostpeopleworkafivedayweekandthebasicworkingweekisbetween35-40hours.Manualworkertendtoworkanhourortwolongerperweekthannon-manualandwomentowork4or5hourslessthanmen.Somepeoplework‘overtime’.Theaveragenumberofhoursactuallyworkedperweekbyfull-timeemployeesin2007was39formenand34forwomen,higherthananyothercountryintheEuropeanUnion.EUregulationsetamaximumrequiredworkingweekof48hours,aminimumallowanceof4weeks’annualpaidleaveanddonotallownightworkerstoworkmorethananaverageof8hoursineach24hourperiod.
Howmuchdotheyearn?
⏹Averagegrossweeklyearningsoffull-timeemployeesinBritainin2006were447pound.Averageearningsformenwere487poundandforwomen387pound.In2008thenationalminimumwagewassetat5.72perhourforthoseaged22orabove.
Howdotheygetajob
⏹Youngpeopleoftenhaveapart-timejobwhiletheyarestillatschool,suchasdeliveringnewspapersearlyinthemorningorworkinginashoponSaturday.Full-timeemploymentispossibleoncetheminimumschoolleavingageof16isreached.About20%ofschoolleaversgostraightintoajobat16,theresteithercontinuinginfull-timeeducationorjoiningagovernmenttrainingscheme.
Thewayofgettingajob
⏹Personalcontacts
⏹Visitingpotentialemployersinthefactoryoroffice
⏹Lookingforadvertisementinlocalandnationalnewspapers
⏹Usingthegovernment-run‘JobCentreplusfacilities’,whichprovideinformationandadvisepotentialemployeesonjobsinthelocality.
union
⏹TradeunionswerefirstformedintheearlystagesoftheIndustrialRevolution(lateeighteenth/earlynineteenthcentury),bygroupsofindustrialworkerswhosufferedfromextremelylowpayandbadworkingconditions.Theseworkersrealizedthatemployerswouldbemorelikelytotakenoticeoftheirgrievanceiftheyjoinedtogetherasgroupsandvoicedthemratherthantryingtospeakoutasindividuals.
⏹In2004therewere195tradeunionintheUKwith7.4millionmembers,ofwhichalmostonethirdwerewomen.
⏹Overonethirdofalltradeunionistsbelongtowhitecollarunions.
Fourtypesofunion
⏹Generalunions,whichrepresentworkersinarangeofindustries.
⏹Craftunions,whichrepresentworkersfromagroupofindustrieswhoshareaparticularskill
⏹Industrialunion,whichrepresentworkersinaparticularindustrywhatevertheirskille.g.TheNationalUnionofMineworkers(NUM)
⏹WhiteCollarUnions,whichrepresentnon-manualworkere.gTheNationalUnionofTeachers(NUT)
⏹Inrecentyears,thegovernmenthasbecomemoreinvolvedinindustrialrelations.TheAdvisory,ConciliationandArbitrationService(ACAS),foundedin1975,wassetuptoencouragemorecollectivebargainingagreementsandtoofferhelpandadvicetounionsandemployerswhennegotiationsbreakdown.IfadisputegoesintoarbitrationandACASiscalledinitwilltakeintoaccounteveryaspectofthedisputeandmakedecision,whichbothsidethenhavetoabideby.
GenderandEthnicity
⏹Manymorewomenthanmenhaveenteredthelabourforceinrecentyear.Between1971and1999,thenumberofwomeninthelabourforceroseby3millionwhilethenumberofmenrosebyonly200thousand.In1999therewere12millioneconomicallyactivewomen.76%ofwomenaged25-44,themainchildbearingandchild-rearingyears,wereinpaidemployment.
Therearequitemarkeddifferencesamongunemploymentratesbetweendifferentethnicgroups.Thispartlyreflectstheirregionaldistritution,partlytheirageprofileandpartlytheireducationlevels.
Chapter7
Holidays&Tourism
⏹Thereareanumberofpublicholidayswhenmostpeoplecanexpecttohavethreeorfourdaysoffwork.ThesearemostlycentredaroundtheChristiancalendar,forexamplearoundChristmasDay(December25th)andEaster(whichusuallyoccursinApril)
⏹Allemployeeshavetherighttoaminimumoffourweeksannualpaidleave.
DaysTrips&WeekendBreaks
⏹TheSeaside
⏹Historicallytheseasideresortsdevelopedinthevictorianperiodwhenpeoplebegantohaveincreasingexpectationsofleisureintheirlivesandwhenthedevelopingrailwaysystemlinkedtheindustrialareasofthecountrytothecoastalareas.Asthemotorindustrydevelopedinthetwentiethcenturythedaytripbymotorcartoanearbyseasideresortbecameapopularholidayactivity
⏹Thethemepark
⏹Newstylethemeparkshavedevelopedsincethe1970s,locatedeitherneartheseasideortheattractiverurallocationsclosetothemotorwaynetwork.ThesemaybedevelopedaroundaparticularthemesuchasTheWildTheme,ortheymayhaveamoreeducationalpurposesuchtheRomanThemeParkdevelopedinChester,anoldRomancityinthenorthofEngland,wherethelifestyleandbuildingsoftheRomanperiodareimaginativelyreconstructed.
BritainasaTouristDestination
⏹Britainisthesixthmostvisitedcountryintheworld.
⏹TwoofBritain’sstrengthsasatouristattractionarethevariedbeautyofitslandscapeinacompactgeographicalareaandalonghistorythatisvisibleinwell-preservedbuildingsandmonuments.
⏹Desiptebeingoneofthemostdenselypopulatednationsintheworldandanadvancedeconomy,Britainretainslargeareasofbeautifulcountryside.
⏹Britainwaslastinvadedin1066,bytheNormans,manyofwhosesolidlybuiltcastlesarestillstanding,eitherincorporatedintothedwellingsoftheupperclassesorpreservedasromanticruins.Theseareancientchurchesinalmosteverytownandvillage.ThereareprivateandpublicbuildingsthroughoutthecountrybuiltfrombeforetheRomanoccupationtothepresentday.
TheNationalTrustisavoluntaryorganizationfoundedin1895forthepreservationoflandandbuildingsofhistoricalinterestorbeauty.
⏹Popularplacesabroad
⏹Forthoseseekingthesunandminmumeffort,packageholidaysinSpainarestillverypopular.CampingholidaysinFranceareforthosewhowanttobemobile,toexperiencesomethingofanoutdoorlife,butwhoalsodon’twanttobewithoutsome‘homecomforts’.
⏹FrenchistaughtinallBritishschoolsandsoafamilyholidaycanberegardedasaneducationalexperienceforthechildrenaswellasachanceperhapsforparentstopolishuptheirlinguisticsills.Frenchfoodisalsoabigattractionforsometourists.TheopeningoftheChannelTunnelbetweenBritainandFrancehasmadeiteasiertotakeholidaysinFranceandtherestofEurope.
⏹Vienna,Venice,FlorenceandAthensareallpopularpl
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