英语国家文化题型整理.docx
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英语国家文化题型整理.docx
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英语国家文化题型整理
第一单元文化
1.Communicationbreakdownsometimestakesplacenotonlybecauseoflanguage,butmorefrequentlybecauseofculturaldifferences.
A、whatisculture?
1)Cultureisaveryextensiveconcept,itisverydifficulttodefineitstrictlyandaccurately,becausecultureinvolvestoomuch.whatweseeinusualjustlikeweseetheedgeofaniceberg,thoughithasbeenratherbig,therestillfarmorethatwecannotsee.
2)Cultureisalearnedpatternofbehavior,andisawayinwhichapersonliveshislife.Itisanintegralpartofeverysociety,andcreatesafeelingofbelongingandtogethernessamongthepeopleofthatsociety.Everysocietyhasadifferentculture,whichgivesitanidentityanduniqueness.
3)CultureisthewayoflifeofagroupofpeopledevelopedovertimeandpasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationWehavetorememberthat,mostofthetime,thedifferentwaysthatarethecustomsofdifferentculturesareneitherrightnorwrong.Itissimplythatdifferentpeopledothesamethingsindifferentmanners.
B、Couldyoupleasegiveanexampleandmakeabriefanalysis?
Example:
Forexample,ifyoucookedameal,andyouaskedaDutchperson,howwasit?
Hesaid:
“yes,Ilikeit.”Thatmeanshereallylikedit.Butonceyouhadthisanswerfromapersonfromhigh-contextculture,suchasChina,youhavetothink:
“Doeshereallylikemymeal?
Orjustdon’twantmetoloseface.”Example:
SteveandYaserfirstmetintheirchemistryclassatanAmericanuniversity.YaserwasaninternationalstudentfromJordan.HewasexcitedtogettoknowanAmerican.HewantedtolearnmoreaboutAmericanculture.YaserhopedthatheandStevewouldbecomegoodfriends.
Atfirst,Steveseemedveryfriendly.HealwaysgreetedYaserwarmlybeforeclass.SometimesheofferedtostudywithYaser.HeeveninvitedYasertoeatlunchwithhim.Butafterthesemesterwasover,Steveseemedmoredistant.Thetwoformerclassmatesdidn’tseeeachotherverymuchatschool.OnedayYaserdecidedtocallSteve.Stevedidn’tseemveryinterestedintalkingtohim.YaserwashurtbySteve’schangeofattitude.“Stevesaidwewerefriends,”Yasercomplained.“andIsaidfriendswerefriendsforever.”
Analyze:
Americansusetheword“friend”inaverygeneralway.Theymaycallbothcasualacquaintancesandclosecompanions“friends”
Americanfriendshipsdevelopsquickly,andtheymaychangejustasquickly.
2.Inthetext“CommunicationBreakdown”,wegettoknowthatlanguageisprobablynotalwaysthemostimportantreasonforcross-culturalcommunicationbreakdown.Whatcouldbeotherreasonsforsuchbreakdown?
Pleaseanalyzetheissuewithreallifeexamples.
1)Example:
A is an English learner; B is a native English speaker.
A one day jumped into B’s arms and felt sorry, “I’m sorry.”
B:
“ I’m sorry, too.”
A:
“I’m sorry three.”
B:
“What are you sorry for?
”
A:
"I’m sorry five."
2)Explanation:
A.Westerners often think the best way to communicate is for everyone to speak directly. Once all the information has been shared, a decision can be made. They pay attention to words, rather than context.
B.But people from a high context culture often communicate indirectly.
Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately.
Culture is the way of life of a group of people developed over time and passed down from generation to generation.
Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Culture includes the organization of production, the structure of the family, the structure of institution which express or govern social relationships, the characteristic forms through which members of the society communicate.
Culture seems to be (almost) everything and cultural studies the study of (almost) everything.
Culture is also something that man learns from his family and surroundings, leading him to live a more comfortable and better life.
3.Whatisyourunderstandingof“culture”?
Compareculturetoanotherconcretething(aswehave‘cultureisaniceberg’intextbook)andexplainyourreasonswithexamples.
Cultureisjustlikeaniceberg.
WhatDatongacceptedwereaspectsofAmericanculturethatwereeasilyobservedandoftenreferredtoasobjectiveculture.
Butmostofhisculturewhichwasbelowthesurfaceofhisawareness,noteasilyobservedreferredtoassubjectivecultureisthatoftraditionalChineseculture.
第二单元希腊神话
1.TheappearanceofcharactersfromGreekmythologyineverydayspeechisundoubtedlyamodestevidenceoftheactiveroleplayedbyGreekmyths.Forinstance,ahugeorheroictaskissaidtobeHerculean,whichisintributetotheGreekmythologicalheroHerculesandhisLabors.Canyouthinkof2morephraseswhichcomefromGreekmythsandarestillwidelyusedbypeoplenowadays?
1)AnAchillesheelisadeadlyweaknessinspiteofoverallstrength,whichcanactuallyorpotentiallyleadtodownfall.Whilethemythologicaloriginreferstoaphysicalvulnerability,idiomaticreferencestootherattributesorqualitiesthatcanleadtodownfallarecommon.InGreekmythology,whenAchilleswasababy,itwasforetoldthathewoulddieyoung.Topreventhisdeath,hismotherThetistookAchillestotheRiverStyx,whichwassupposedtoofferpowersofinvulnerability,anddippedhisbodyintothewater.ButasThetisheldAchillesbytheheel,hisheelwasnotwashedoverbythewaterofthemagicalriver.Achillesgrewuptobeamanofwarwhosurvivedmanygreatbattles.Butoneday,apoisonousarrowshotathimwaslodgedinhisheel,killinghimshortlyafter.
2)AnAppleofDiscord直译为"纠纷的苹果",出自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
传说在希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis)在珀利翁山举行婚礼,邀请了众神,惟独没有邀请掌管争执的女神厄里斯(Eris)。
这位女神恼羞成怒,决定在这次喜筵上制造不和。
于是,她不请自来,并悄悄在筵席上放了一个金苹果,上面镌刻着"属于最美者"几个字。
天后赫拉(Hera),智慧女神雅典娜(Athena)、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂(Aphrodite),都自以为最美,应得金苹果,获得"最美者"称号。
她们争执不下,闹到众神之父宙斯(Zeus)那里,但宙斯碍于难言之隐,不愿偏袒任何一方,就要她们去找特洛伊的王子帕里斯(Paris)评判。
三位女神为了获得金苹果,都各自私许帕里斯以某种好处:
赫拉许给他以广袤国土和掌握富饶财宝的权利,雅典娜许以文武全才和胜利的荣誉,阿芙罗狄蒂则许他成为世界上最美艳女子的丈夫。
年青的帕里斯在富贵、荣誉和美女之间选择了后者,便把金苹果判给爱与美之神。
为此,赫拉和雅典娜怀恨帕里斯,连带也憎恨整个特洛伊人。
后来阿芙罗狄蒂为了履行诺言,帮助帕里斯拐走了斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯的王后——绝世美女海伦(Helen),从而引起了历时10年的特洛伊战争。
不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果,不仅成了天上3位女神之间不和的根源,而且也成为了人间2个民族之间战争的起因。
3)TheTrojanHorsehascometomeananytrickorstratagemthatcausesatargettoallowafoeintoasecurelyprotectedbastionorspace.Amaliciouscomputerprogramwhichtricksusersintowillinglyrunningitiscalleda"Trojanhorse".ItisatalefromtheTrojanWaraboutthesubterfugethattheGreeksusedtoenterthecityofTroyandwinthewar.Inthecanonicalversion,afterafruitless10-yearsiege,theGreeksconstructedahugewoodenhorse,andhidaselectforceofmeninside.TheGreekspretendedtosailaway,andtheTrojanspulledthehorseintotheircityasavictorytrophy.ThatnighttheGreekforcecreptoutofthehorseandopenedthegatesfortherestoftheGreekarmy,whichhadsailedbackundercoverofnight.TheGreeksenteredanddestroyedthecityofTroy,decisivelyendingthewar.
4)Pandora'sboxisanartifactinGreekmythology,takenfromthemythofPandora'screationinHesiod'sWorksandDays.Todaythephrase"toopenPandora'sbox"meanstoperformanactionthatmayseemsmallorinnocent,butthatturnsouttohaveseverelydetrimentalandfar-reachingconsequences.InclassicalGreekmythology,PandorawasthefirstwomanonEarth.ZeusorderedHephaestustocreateher.Sohedid,usingwaterandearth.Thegodsendowedherwithmanygifts:
Athenaclothedher,Aphroditegaveherbeauty,Apollogavehermusicalability,andHermesgaveherspeech.WhenPrometheusstolefirefromheaven,ZeustookvengeancebypresentingPandoratoPrometheus'brotherEpimetheus.Pandorawasgivenaweddinggiftofabeautifuljar,withinstructionstonotopenitunderanycircumstance.Impelledbyhercuriosity(giventoherbythegods),Pandoraopeneditandallevilcontainedthereinescapedandspreadovertheearth.Shehastenedtoclosethecontainer,butthewholecontentshadescaped;Apateandalltheothers,exceptforonethingthatlayatthebottom–theSpiritofHope,namedElpis.[6]Pandora,deeplysaddenedbywhatshehaddone,fearedshewouldhavetofaceZeus'wrath,sinceshehadfailedherduty.However,ZeusdidnotpunishPandorabecauseheknewthiswouldhappen.
2.differencebetweenChinesemythsandGreekmyths
1)TheOrigin
Chinesemythwastheproductofancientsages’imaginations,whichcanconquernature,dominatenatureandmakethepowerofnaturehaveitsownimage.
Chinesemythmainlytalkedabouttheoriginofhumanbeing,everythinginnature,andtribalfights,etc.Itreflectedtheancientlivingsurroundings,conditionsandculturaldevelopment.
ChineseculturalderivedfromTheYellowRiverbasin(黄河流域),soitcouldbesaidthatChinesemythwasbasedontheclosedinlandcultural(内陆文化).
GreekmythderivedfromCrete’sMinoansCivilization(克里特岛的“米诺斯文明”).itwasanopenculturewhichabsorbedotherexcellentculturestodevelopitself.
Greekgeographicallocationwasverysuperior,andthenavigationcauseandoverseastradedevelopedrapidly,soGreekmythwasmainlyconcernedaboutGreekperson’svalueorientation(希腊人的价值取向),whichwasmoreimportantthanmoral.TheGreekmythpraisedandadmirestheindividualism(个人主义),whichwasthemostbasicandbiggestdifferencebetweenChineseandGreekmyths.
2)TheirBeliefs
Greekswere“atough,restless,ambitious,hard-living,imaginativerace.”
TheGreekslovedlife.Theybelievedinlivinglifetothefullest,becausedeathwasgoingtohappenwhetheryouwantedittoornot.Theonlyresponsetodeathwastomakeamarkontheworld.Bealegend…begrandiose.
InGreekm
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