第二语言习得概览Word格式文档下载.docx
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第二语言习得概览Word格式文档下载.docx
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C.FL:
thelanguagewhichistaughtbylanguageteacherinformalinstructionenvironmentorusedinanartificialenvironment.
2.Linguistics
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
3.AppliedLinguistics
Inanarrowsense,itmeansapplicationoflinguisticfindingstolanguageteachingandlearning.
Inabroadsense,itcoversmorethanlanguageteachingandlearning,itincludesspeechtherapy,languageplanning,languagepolicy,languagetesting,machinetranslation,etc.,inotherwords,itreferstothestudyofhumansocialproblemsconnectedwithlanguage,languagelearningandlanguageuse.
4.Learning/acquisition
Learning:
aconsciousprocessoflanguagedevelopmentbyintendedandexplicitinstructionsinanartificialenvironment.
Acquisition:
subconsciouslearninginthenaturalenvironment.
StudyonLearners’Factors
I.Cognitivefactors
1.LearningStyle
Definition:
Itreferstothepreferredwayinwhichindividualsprocessinformationorapproachatask.
Classifications
Classifiedbywaysoflanguageperception
A.VisualType
Tendtoreceiveinformationbyeyes
Liketolistento
B.AuditoryType
Tendtoreceiveinformationbyears
Liketolistentocassettetapes,lectures,reportsandconversations.
Betteratlisteningandspeaking
Pooreratwriting
C.Kinesthetic/tactileType
Learningbydoing
Likerole-play,dramaperformance
Classifiedbycognitivestyle
A.Field-independence&
Field-dependence
Peoplearetermedfielddependentiftheyareunabletoabstractanelementfromitscontextorbackgroundfield.
Afield-independentstyleenablesyoutodistinguishpartsfromawholeandtoconcentrateonsomething(likereadinginanoisytrainstation).
Toomuchfieldindependenceforcesyoutoseeonlypartsandfailtoseetheirrelationshiptothewhole,justlikethesaying“youcan’tseetheforestforthetrees.”
B.Reflectivity&
impulsivity
Individualswhohaveareflectivecognitivestyletendtomullthingsoverwhenmakingadecision.That’stosay,areflectivepersontendstomakeaslower,morecalculateddecision.Conversely,animpulsivepersontendstomakeaquickorgamblingguessatananswertoaproblem.
C.ToleranceofAmbiguity
Thetendencytoperceiveambiguoussituations.
2.LanguageLearningAptitude
Thenaturalabilitytolearnalanguage.
Languagelearningaptitudetest:
atestwhichmeasuresaperson’saptitudeforL2/FLlearningandisusedtopredicthis/hersuccessoflanguagelearninginthefuture.
MLAT:
ModernLanguageAptitudeTest
Itcoversfouraspects:
a.phoneticcodingability
b.grammaticalsensitivity
c.inductivelearningability
d.rotememorizationability
e.g
HespokeVERYwellofyou.
Suddenlythemusicbecamequiteloud.
3.LearningIntelligence
Itisdefinedintermsoflinguisticandlogical-mathematicalabilities.
4.LearningStrategy
Itreferstotechniquesanddeviceswhichalearnermayusetoacquireknowledge,i.e.thewayofinputofthelearner.
a.meta-cognitivestrategies
theplanningforlearning,thinkingaboutlearningprocess,monitoringandevaluatingone’sproduction/comprehension.
b.cognitivestrategies
Strategiesemployedbylearnersincarryingoutlanguagelearningtasks(repetition,note-taking,translation,keywords).
c.socio-affectivestrategies
Strategiesoftransactingwithothers(cooperation).
II.Affectivefactors
1.LearningAttitude
Itreferstoindividuallearner’sresponsetolanguagelearning.
AttitudinalfactorshaverelativelylittleinfluenceonSLAbychildren.
Positiveattitudestowardsthetargetlanguage,thespeakersofthetargetlanguage,thecultureofthetargetlanguage,evenselfenhanceL2proficiency/success.
Otherfactors:
a.parents’attitudes
b.peers’attitudes
c.learners’attitudestolearningsituation
d.teachers’attitudestowardslearners
e.ethnicity(chauvinism)
2.LearningMotivation
Itreferstosomekindofdrivingforce,eitherinternalorexternal,inindividual’slanguagelearning.
A.InstrumentalMotivation
Itisthedesiretoacquirealanguageasameansforattainingutilitariangoalssuchasgettingajob,furtheringacareer,improvingsocialstatus,meetinganeducationalrequirement,readingortranslatingtechnicalmaterials,etc.
B.IntegrativeMotivation
It’sthedesiretoachieveproficiencyinanewlanguageinordertoknowaboutothercultureandparticipateinthelifeofthetargetlanguagegrou
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