完整版本科毕业设计中英文翻译高层建筑Word格式.docx
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完整版本科毕业设计中英文翻译高层建筑Word格式.docx
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完整版本科毕业设计中英文翻译高层建筑@#@外文资料翻译@#@High-RiseBuildings@#@Introduction@#@Itisdifficulttodefinea3or4storiesupto10or20storiesormore.@#@Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orabuildinggetsaorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,lateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinevenmorepronouncedeffect.@#@Whenthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthebracingforrigidframesin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(orevenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.@#@Unfortunately,thisisnotisforratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenordertomadeaexcessofthatrequiredforlow-risebuildings.Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityload,suchaswalls,columns,andshafts,willneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullmoresignificant.@#@Withreinforcedconcrete,thequantityofmaterialalsoincreasesasthenumberofstoriesincreases.Buttheweightofmaterialaddedforgravityloadismuchmoresizablethansteel,whereasforwindloadtheincreaseforlateralforceresistanceisnotthatmuchmoresincetheweightofaconcretebuildings.Ontheotherforearthquakeforces.Additionalmassintheupperfloorswillgiverisetoagreateroveralllateralforceundertheofseismiceffects.@#@Inthecaseofeitherconcreteorsteeldesign,therearecertainbasicprinciplesforprovidingadditionalresistancetolateraltolateralforcesanddeflectionsineconomy.@#@1.Increasetheeffectivewidthofthemoment-resistingsubsystems.Thisisveryusefulbecauseincreasingthewidthwillcutdowntheoverturnforcedirectlyandwillreducedeflectionbythethirdpowerofthewidthincrease,otherthingsremainingcinstant.However,thisdoesrequirethatverticalcomponentsofthewidenedsubsystembesuitablyconnectedtoactuallygainthisbenefit.@#@2.Designsubsystemssuchthatthecomponentsaremadetointeractinthemostefficientmanner.Forexample,usetrusssystemswithchordsanddiagonalsefficientlystressed,placereinforcingforwallsatcriticallocations,andoptimizestiffnessratiosforrigidframes.@#@3.Increasethematerialinthemosteffectiveresistingcomponents.Forexample,materialsaddedinthelowerfloorstotheflangesofcolumnsandconnectinggirderswilldirectlydecreasetheoveralldeflectionandincreasethemomentresistancewithoutcontributingmassintheupperfloorswheretheearthquakeproblemisaggravated.@#@4.Arrangetotheprimarymoment-resistingcomponents.Thiswill-resistingcomponents.@#@5.Thelocalshearineachstorycanbebestresistedbystrategicplacementifsolidwallsortheuseofdiagonalmembersinaverticalsubsystem.Resistingtheseshearssolelybyverticalmembersinbendingisusuallylesseconomical,sinceachievingsufficientbendingresistanceinthecolumnsandconnectinggirderswillrequiremorematerialandconstructionenergythanusingwallsordiagonalmembers.@#@Sufficientshouldbeprovidedfloor.Thiswilltheaboveprinciplesarejudiciouslyapplied,structurallydesirableschemescanbeobtainedbywalls,cores,rigidframes,tubularconstruction,andotherverticalsubsystemstoachievesubsequentsectionsinthefollowing.@#@Shear-WallSystems@#@Whenshearwallsarecompatiblewithotherfunctionalrequirements,theycanbeeconomicallyutilizedtoresistlateralforcesinwalls.Whensomeofthesearedesignedtobesolid,theycanactasshearwallstoresistlateralforcesandtocarrytheverticalloadaswell.Forbuildingsuptosome20storise,theuseofshearwallsiscommon.Ifgivensufficientlength,suchwallscaneconomicallyresistlateralforcesupto30to40storiesormore.@#@However,shearwallscanresistlateralloadonlytheplaneofthewalls(i.e.notinadiretionperpendiculartothem).Therefore,itisalwaysnecessarytoprovideshearwallsintwoperpendiculardirectionscanbeatleastinsufficientorientationsothatlateralforceinanydirectioncanberesisted.Inaddition,thatwalllayoutshouldreflectconsiderationofanytorsionaleffect.@#@Indesignprogress,twoormoreshearwallscanbeconnectedtofromL-shapedorchannel-shapedsubsystems.Indeed,internalshearwallscanbeconnectedtofromarectangularshaftthatwillresistlateralforcesveryefficiently.Ifallexternalshearwallsarecontinuouslyconnected,thenthewholebuildingsactsastube,andconnec
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