固有免疫和适应免疫1_精品文档PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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固有免疫和适应免疫1_精品文档PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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Innatevs.AcquiredImmunity-conceptualandpracticaldifferenceThevertebrate“invention”ofacquiredimmunityHowdoesinnateimmunitywork?
@#@(Chapters1and8)CellsRecognitionreceptorsMediators,Lecture1IntroductiontothePrinciplesofImmunity,TheTriumphofDeath-PieterBruegheltheElderca.1562,Whytheimmunesystem?
@#@,Whatisitsfunction?
@#@Howwidelyisitpresentinnature?
@#@Whydoesitaffectsomanyaspectsoflife?
@#@Howcanwealteritforimprovedqualityoflife?
@#@,HowdoestheImmuneSystem(IS)affectyourlife?
@#@,InfectiousDiseases:
@#@Almostanydeficiencyinimmunity-youdie,Autoimmunediseases:
@#@Graves/hyperthyroidism,TypeIdiabetes,perniciousanemia,rheumatoidarthritis,thyroiditis,andvitiligoTheincidenceof24autoimmunediseasesis1/31Americans.Womenareat2.7xgreaterriskClinImmunolImmunopathol1997Sep;@#@84(3):
@#@223-43,Cancer:
@#@Evidenceinthepastyearindicatesthattheimmunesystemdoesindeedfunctionintumorsurveillance,HypersensitivityDiseases:
@#@Allergy-Incidencerisefrom6%-20%inthepasttwodecadesAsthma-Incidencerisefrom3%-8%ofthetotalpopulationinthepasttwodecades-Thehygienehypothesis-HeartDisease-Thebloodvascularsystemisanintegralpartoftheimmunesystem.Itinstructsleukocytestomigratefromthebloodtoasiteofinfection.Newevidencesupportsthatideathatcoronaryheartdiseaseresultsfromchronicarterialinflammation,BigbugshavelittlebugsUpontheirbackstobiteemLittlebugshavelittlerbugsAndsoonadinfinitum-OgdenNash,Ithink,Colonizationoflargeorganismsbysmallerorganismsorvirusesisthe“inversefoodchain”LargecomplexorganismspresentasourceofenergyandahabitatforsmallerorganismsandvirusesviacolonizationColonizationanddefenseagainstcolonizationisafundamentalprincipleinbiologyTheimmunesystemisprincipallyandmostimportantlyevolvedtosculptcolonizationtobenefitthehost,ImmuneEvolution,DanceoftheEons,VirtuallyeveryorganismfacespressurefromviralormicrobialcolonizationandsohasevolvedstrategiestocontrolcolonizationLikewise,everyparasiticorganismorpieceofselfishDNAhasevolvedastrategytomitigatetheeffectsofimmunityThiseternalwaltzofparasitesandtheirhostssurelybeganwiththeoriginoflife,CorollariesJustaspredatorspeciesimprovethefitnessoftheirprey,colonialagentsselectforfitnessintheirhostsJustasahostcannotbetoopermissiveforaparasiticagent,theparasiticagentcannotbetooeffectiveinkillingahostThemoreeffectivetheimmunesystem,themorecomplicatedandevolvedtheparasitePerhapsweshouldviewthehost-parasiteinteractionasaconstantlyescalatingwaroranuneasy(metastable)truce,Oneviewofanimalphylogeny,BiologicalInventionofAcquiredImmunity,Innatevs.AdaptiveImmunity,Figure1.5,Memory,InnateImmunity,Allanimalshavean“innate”immunesystemInnateimmunityismanifestinmanycellsofthebody.Thebasisistherecognitionofmolecularpatterns,thatoccurinmicrobesbutnotanimals(e.g.,unmethylatedDNAsequences,dsRNA,cellwallcomponents,etc)Thisisthebedrockofimmunityinallorganisms-evenbacteriahavedefensemechanismsagainstbacterialviruses,InnateImmunity,cont,AnapparentlimitationisthatparasiticagentshaveagenerationtimeordersofmagnitudelessthanthatoftheirhostsAsecondlimitationisthatthereisonlylimitedamplificationoftheresponseAthirdlimitationisthatthereisnomemory,AdaptiveImmunity,RecognizesanybiochemicaldeterminantProvidesamechanismforimmunerecognitionthatcanevolveasrapidlyastheparasite(clonalselection)ThereisrapidamplificationofaresponseThereismemory,Toagivenorganism,otherspeciescanrepresentasourceofenergyandnutrition:
@#@FoodChain-Largeanimalseatsmalleranimals(simplified)InverseFoodChain:
@#@Colonization-Smallanimals(ormicrobesandviruses)colonizelargeranimalsthat,inturn,provideanenvironmentforreplicationAlllivingorganismshaveaformofimmunitytodefendagainstcolonization:
@#@frombacteriatobluewhalestogiantsequoia,thereareamyriadofmechanismsthathaveevolvedtopreventcolonization,Innatevs.AcquiredImmunity,Theinnateimmunesystemofaspeciesdetectsmolecularpatternsfoundinother(parasitic)organisms,butnotinthespeciesitself.Detectionsetsuparesponsethatcankilltheparasite.Thelimitationoftheinnateimmunesystemisthatparasiticmicrobeshaveamuchshortergenerationtimethanhigheranimals,andthereforevariantscanarisetocircumventtherecognitionorresponse.Theacquiredimmunesystemlearnsthemolecular“self”andanythingelseispotentiallyatargetforresponse.Theabilitytorespondtonewmoleculardeterminantsisonatime-scalesimilartothegenerationtimeofmicrobes.,ComponentsPrincipleFunctionsBarriersEpitheliallayersPrevententryDefensinsandCryptidinsMicrobialkillingCirculatingandTissueEffectorCellsNeutrophilsEarlyphagocytosisandkillingofm
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