中科院-脊椎动物(4-1)PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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中科院-脊椎动物(4-1)PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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Will“drown”otherwiseWhenpondsdryup,survivebyburrowingintoamud“cocoon”andestivating(similartohibernation;
inactive,lowmetabolism,“suspendedanimation”)untilfavorableconditionsreturnInfraclassDipnomorphaHaeckel,1866海克尔(1834-1919)曲靖北京奇异鱼(Diabolepis)双鳍鱼(Dipterus)角齿鱼(Ceratodus)杨氏鱼(Youngolepis)头颅孔鳞鱼孔鳞鱼目(Porolepiformes)Porolepis全褶鱼(Holoptychius)孔鳞鱼目(Porolepiformes)加拿大北极Powichthys“蓝色精灵”拉蒂迈鱼的发现Coelacanths(Latimeria)Thoughtextinctuntilalivingexamplewasfoundin1938Livingfossil-theCoelocanthDeepwater(260-300m)Upto2minlength空棘鱼类(Coelacanths)LatimeriachalumnaeMarjorieCourtney-Latimer,AfriqueduSud,1938拉蒂迈鱼南非和科摩罗群岛Latimeria,themoderncoelacanth;
asurvivingsarcopterygian(lobe-finned)fish空棘鱼类(Coelacanths)Latimeriachalumnae印尼拉蒂迈鱼TheCoelocanthOil-fillednotocordinsteadofbackboneLobedfins-uniqueamonglivingfishesPairsoffinsmoveinanalternating,“horsetrot”fashionElectrosensoryRostralOrganmayaidinpreydetectionBottomdwellersthatusedfinsto“waddle”PelvicandpectoralfinsaremuscularwithextensionsoftheskeletonGaverisetoamphibians空棘鱼类(Coelacanths)LatimeriachalumnaeThefascinationscientistsandthegeneralpublichavewithcoelacanthsislikelycausedbytheirunusualappearance,theirevolutionaryimportance,andthefactthattheyhaveremainedvirtuallyunchangedmorphologicallyformillionsofyears,leadingsometorefertothemaslivingfossils.Auniquecombinationofmorphologicalfeaturessuggestthatthecoelacanthlineageisclosetotheoriginoftheevolutionofearlyterrestrial,four-leggedanimals(tetrapods)likeamphibians.Themostremarkableofthesefeaturesisthepresenceofsevenlobedfins,uniqueamongthelivingfishes.Thepairedfinsmoveinanalternatingfashionwhichresemblesahorseinaslowtrot.Whiletheirmorphologicalfeaturesleadmanyscientiststobelievethecoelacanthlineagewasthedirectlinktotetrapods,recentmolecularevidencesuggeststhatlungfishmightbemorecloselyrelatedtotetrapods.空棘鱼类(Coelacanths)Latimeriachalumnae空棘鱼属(Agassiz,1836)化石的发现:
填补演化“缺失的环节”那类鱼与四足动物的关系更近:
肺鱼还是活化石拉蒂迈鱼?
学术争论肉鳍鱼类的系统发育关系四足动物SimplifiedfromZhu&
Schultze(1997)“骨鳞鱼类”肺鱼类孔鳞鱼类空棘鱼类爪齿鱼类真掌鳍鱼潘氏鱼中国早期肉鳍鱼类的故乡(空棘鱼类+肺鱼类)四足动物(空棘鱼类+四足动物)肺鱼类(肺鱼类+四足动物)空棘鱼类Ahlberg&
Johanson(1998)KenichthysTetrapods根齿鱼目(Rhizodontida)rhizodontslarge(upto3m),predatorylikelygaverisetoamphibiansbasedprimarilyontoothmorphology-labyrinthodontteethhadcomplexenfoldingofenamellobedfinsbecamelimbs骨鳞鱼(Osteolepis)骨鳞鱼真掌鳍鱼EvolutionofLegs肯氏鱼(Kenichthys)Ahlberg,P.E.&
Johanson,Z.1998:
Osteolepiformsandtheancestryoftetrapods.Nature,395:
792-794.最原始的四足形动物Zhu&
Yu(2002)NatureStyloichthys(Zhu&
Yu,2002)硬骨鱼类起源研究1999研究的主角斑鳞鱼斑鳞鱼不但具有肉鳍鱼类的典型特征,而且具有辐鳍鱼类的某些重要特征;
斑鳞鱼还具有盾皮鱼类和棘鱼类的特征;
斑鳞鱼是迄今所知最早的具有完整头颅和肩带遗骸的硬骨鱼类,并有可能代表了硬骨鱼类的祖先类型。
Zhuetal.1999斑鳞鱼的系统位置斑鳞鱼无孔鱼Zhuetal.2001NatureZhuetal.2001肉鳍鱼类的起源中心InvasionoftheLandbyTetrapods鱼石螈类四足动物起源最直接的证据脊椎动物登陆斯瓦尔巴德1897年,S.A.Andree(热气球北极探险)1898年,瑞典古植物学家地质学家A.G.Nathorst搜寻行动1899年,东格陵兰10周,73度1900年,英国古生物学家A.S.Woodward格陵兰斯科斯比湾1924-25,Eskimo1926-27,丹麦地质学家LaugeKoch(雪橇考察)1929,瑞典地质学家O.Kulling加盟19321932194819341948鱼石螈(鱼石螈(1929-1932)弗拉期弗拉期法门期法门期Ichthyostega鱼石螈鱼石螈Ichthyostega棘螈棘螈复原棘螈AcanthostegaJarvik1952棘螈复原JennyClack鱼石螈,棘螈鱼石螈,棘螈澳洲螈澳洲螈弗拉期弗拉期法门期法门期奥氏螈奥氏螈埃尔金螈埃尔金螈文塔螈文塔螈图拉螈图拉螈海纳螈,厚颌螈海纳螈,厚颌螈澳洲螈MetaxygnathusCampbell&
Bell1977埃尔金埃尔金螈ElginerpetonAhlbergetal.1991海纳螈海纳螈厚颌螈厚颌螈HynerpetonDaeschleretal.1994DensignathusDaeschler2000Recentlydiscoveredtheleftshoulderbones,alowerjaw,aswellassomesmallskullfragmentsandbellyscuteslacksthepostbranchiallaminafoundingill-breathingfish&
IchthyostegaHynerpetonshoulderJawbone早期四足动物演化泥盆纪四足动物的分布中宁组中宁组大岱沟组大岱沟组石峡沟组石峡沟组香山群香山群羊虎沟组羊虎沟组中宁、中卫中宁、中卫法法门门期期弗弗拉拉期期吉吉维维特特期期艾艾菲菲尔尔期期晚晚泥泥盆盆世世中中泥泥盆盆世世中寒武世中寒武世中石炭世中石炭世盔甲鱼类盾皮鱼类桨鳞鱼中华鱼肉鳍鱼类的鳞片潘江等,1987潘氏中国螈SinostegapaniNature2002Zhuetal.TheadventoftheTetrapodsComparisonoftheforelimbofaCrossopterygianfishwiththatofanearlyamphibianIchthyostega真掌鳍鱼EusthenopteronEusthenopteron真掌鳍鱼Panderichthys潘氏鱼三列鳍鱼类(潘氏鱼类)FlatheadwitheyesontopoftheskullTristichopterusEusthenopteronJarvikinaPlatycephalichthysFrasnianGivetianEusthenodonFamennianEusthenodonEusthenopteronEusthenodonEusthenodonMandageriaCabonnichthysHyneria?
TristichopteridsElginerpetonPanderichthysLivonianaFrasnianGivetianVentastegaFamennianIchthyostega,AcanthostegaElpistostegeObruchevichthysMetaxgnathus?
TulerpetonElpistostegidsplustetrapodsDentaryMeckelianboneInfradentarybonesComparisonoftheskullandlowerjawsofasarcopterygianfishandtheDevoniantetrapodIchthyostega真掌鳍鱼潘氏鱼棘螈ElpistostegePanderichthysAcanthostegaOsteolepiformes潘氏鱼真掌鳍鱼棘螈希望螈Eusthenopteron真掌鳍鱼潘氏鱼棘螈树螈Whydidtetrapodsevovled?
Dryingpool(red-bedsscenario)EscapeaquaticpredatorsExploitabundantresources(insectsandinvertebrates)ImportanceoftheDevonianDroughtsOneconspicuousfeatureofLateDevoniangeologywastheprevalenceofredsedimentsinEuropeandNorthAmericaIn1916,JosephBarrellarguedthattheseoxidizedsedimentswereevidenceofaharshlandscapesubjecttoseveredroughts.Healsoarguedthatthissevereclimatewasamajordrivingforceintheevolutionofair-breathingvertebrates,includingtetrapods.Inthe1950s,AlfredSherwoodRomerproposedthattetrapodsevolvedfromcrossopterygianlobe-finnedfishesdrivenontothelandbydrought.Asonepoolorstreamdriedout,thefishesventuredontotheparchedearthinsearchofotherbodiesofwater.Overtime,naturalselectionwould,overtime,favorthosefisheswithmoreefficientterrestriallocomotion(i.e.,withmoreleg-likelimbs).Inotherwords,tetrapodsevolvedfromfishoutofwater.ItisnotuntiltheCarboniferousthattrulyterrestrialtetrapodsarefound(Romer,1958)Objectionstored-bedtheoryOriginoftetrapodsOriginoflimbswithdigitsOriginofwalkingOriginofterrestrialityAncestralTetrapodTetrapods(four-limbedvertebrates)initiallydevelopedappendagesinordertobetteradapttobottomfeedinginshallowmarshes.ThisbecameapreadaptationorexaptationtolatterterrestrialityCrawlingoutoftheWaterDevonianTimelineIchthyostegaPreliminaryreportsontheanatomyofIchthyostegaduringthe1950sreinforcedRomersscenario.Ichthyostegawasarelativelylarge(1.5mor4ft)earlytetrapodwithastoutbody.ThisLateDevoniantetrapodapparentlyhadwell-developedlimbssimilartothoseofsomeCarboniferousamphibians,butitalsohadafish-liketail.Itwasseenasafullyterrestrialtetrapod,butonealmostcertainlydependentonwaterforitsaquaticyoung-perhapsanevolutionaryconsequenceofRomersdroughtrefugees.AlthoughitwasoriginallyconsideredtobethetransitionalformbetweenfishesandCarboniferousamphibians,itsskullpossessesseveralPrimitive,fish-likefeatures,whereasthoseofotherearlytetrapods(i.e.,AcanthostegaandVentastega)weregenerallymorederived.SkeletaldifferencesbetweenAcanthostegaandIchthyostegasuggesttheyhadratherdifferentlifehabits.WhileAcanthostegawasprobablyexclusivelyaquatic,Ichthyostegamayhavehauleditselfontotheshore.Theforelegsmayhavebeenweight-bearing,buttheforearmswereunabletoextendfully.ClackhasspeculatedthatIchthyostegahauleditselfontolandbymovingitsforelegsinparallelwhiledraggingitshindquarters.MoreonIchthyostegaAcanthostega(FishesWithLegs)PerhapsthemostimportantfindingstoalterourunderstandingoftetrapodsevolutionfollowedthediscoveryandanalysisofAcanthostegainthelate1980sandearly1990s.AskullroofofthistetrapodwasfirstdiscoveredbyGunarSave-SoederbergandErikJarvikin1933,butthesignificanceofthisanimalwasnotrealizeduntilafteradditionalmaterialwasrecoveredbyJennyClackin1987.TogetherwithMichaelCoates,Clackrealizedthatthisanimalwasclearlyatetrapod,butthatitwasapoorexcuseforalandanimal.Acanthostegacont.Itslegswereill-suitedtosupportitsweightandthewristswereabsent.Yet,itsportedwelldevelopeddigits(fingersandtoes).Surprisingly,theforelimbspossessedeightdigitsratherthantheanticipatedfivedigits,whilethehindlimbspossessedseven.Theradiusandulna,thebonesoftheforearmaredifferentlengths,andarethinneratthewristthanatthe
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