Manhattan Sentence Correction 笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Manhattan Sentence Correction 笔记Word文档下载推荐.docx
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A.处理原句中的错误
B.纵向对比剩余的答案,寻找不同之处→将不同之处与原文未划线部分比较,判断哪个更好的传达了原文的意思
2.举例子可以用suchas,forexample,including;
不能用like(isusedtoindicateasimilaritybetweentwoormorethings)
3.两大原则:
1)Grammar:
可能会和日常的spokenEnglish不同
A.Fivegrammaticaltermsneededtoknow:
a)Clause:
asetofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandaworkingverb
i.Independentclause:
句子
ii.Dependentclause:
cannotstandaloneasasentence→sentencefragment
b)Modifier:
providesadditionalinformationinasentence,beyondthecoresubjectandverb修饰语
i.nonessentialmodifier:
areusuallyseparatedoutfromtherestofthesentencebycommas.
ii.essentialmodifier:
necessaryinordertounderstandthemeaningofthesentence
c)Sentencecore:
consistsofanyindependentclausesalongwithsomeessentialmodifiers.Thisisthebareminimumneededinordertohaveacoherentsentence
d)Conjunction:
wordsthathelptostickpartsofsentencestogether
i.Coordinatingconjunctions:
gluetwoindependentclausestogether
ii.Subordinatingconjunctions:
connectmodifierstoindependentclauses
e)Marker:
aflagorcluethatacertainkindofissueisbeingtested
2)Meaning:
包括了conveyprecisemeaning和避免冗余(preferenceotherthanrule)
A.Thechoiceofword
a)Economic:
经济上的,经济的,=monetary
Economical:
节约的,合算的
MydecisiontodriveahybridcarwasmotivatedbyECONOMICconsiderations
ECONOMICALconsiderationsmotivatedmydecisiontodriveahybridcar
→第二句是错的,因为economicconsideration=monetaryconsideration意指经济上的愿意,不应该用economicalconsideration
b)其他类似的词意相似但不能互换的词包括:
●aggravate(worsen)vs.aggravating(irritating)
●knownas(named)vs.knowntobe(acknowledgedas)
●lossof(nolongerinpossessionof)vs.lossin(declineinvalue)
●mandate(command)vs.haveamandate(haveauthorityfromvoters)
●nativeof(personfrom)vs.nativeto(speciesthatoriginatedin)
●rangeof(varietyof)vs.ranging(varying)
●rateof(speedorfrequencyof)vs.ratesfor(pricesfor)
●rise(generalincrease)vs.raise(abetorasalaryincreaseinAmericanEnglish)
●trytodo(seektoaccomplish)vs.trydoing(experimentwith)
c)注意may,should,must,can,mustn’t,shouldn’t,can’t,would等的差别
B.Theplacementofword:
注意句子中word的顺序会影响句意
ThecouncilgrantedtherighttomakelegalpetitionsTOCITYOFFICIALS.
这句话是非常ambiguous的,因为不能确定right被granted给了谁
ThecouncilgrantedCITYOFFICIALStherighttomakelegalpetitions.
TherighttomakelegalpetitionsTOCITYOFFICIALSwasgrantedbythecouncil.
C.Thematchesofword
UnlikeAlaska,wherethewinterisquitecold,thetemperatureinFloridararelygoesbelowfreezing.这个句子是illogical的,因为不能把一个地方的冬天和另一个地方的温度进行比较
D.Avoidredundancy
4.ThecosttoX=Xdothepaying
ThecostofX=someonehastopayacertainamounttobuyX
5.“Raise”isaverbthatalwaystakesadirectobject:
TheFed(subject)raisedtheinterestrate(object)inMarch.
“Rise”isusedonlyincontextswherethereisnodirectobject:
Interestrates(subject)roseinMarch
6.“asthough”isusedtodiscussthingsthatareuntrueordidnothappen:
YoubehaveasthoughyouwerericherthanBillGates
7.ThoughCanalshaveexperiencedaseveredeclineinbargetrafficoverthepastseveraldecades,yetwiththeriseinfuelcosts,“shipping”byactualshipsmayonceagainbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportinggoodswithinthecountry.
这个句子选择去掉though比较好,因为如果去掉yet,可能会把withtheriseinfuelcosts放到前半部分去
8.Sentencestructure:
一个完整的句子/independentclause必须同时有相匹配的subject和verb
1)Compoundsubject:
mustbeconnectedbytheword“and”
Compoundverb:
verbsattachedtothesamesubject
2)Learntoignore“middleman”(wordsbetweenthesubjectandtheverb)andskip“warmup”(wordsthatcomesbeforethesubject)
A.Prepositionalphrase介词短语:
headbyapreposition
B.Dependentclause
C.Othermodifiers
3)Trytoanalyzethestructureofthesentencetodecide
Thetidalforcestowhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeis/aresubjectedis/aresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.
→Thetidalforcestowhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeis/aresubjectedaresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.
→Thetidalforcestowhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeissubjectedis/aresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.
4)“that”的缺失可能造成ambiguity
IknowMerylStreepisanactor.→两种interpretation:
DoyouactuallyknowsomeonenamedMerylStreeporyoujustknowsomethingaboutMerylStreep
5)Compoundsentence:
twoindependentclausesbeingconnectedbyacommaandaconjunction/twoindependentclausesbeingconnectedbyasemicolon分号
9.Betiredoutfromdoingsomething做。
。
感到十分疲劳
10.Modifiers
1)Adjectivesandadverbs:
仅仅是一个词而非dependentclause
A.Nounmodifiers(suchasadjectives):
modifyonlyanounorapronoun代词
B.Adverbialmodifiers(suchasadverbs):
modifyverbs,adjectives,prepositionalphrases,evenentireclauses,butdonotmodifyplainnounsandpronouns
C.Max'
sgrandmotherishissupposedIrishancestor.
Max'
sgrandmotherishissupposedlyIrishancestor
→Inthefirstoption,theadjective“supposed”pointstothenounancestor,implyingthatMax'
sgrandmotherisnotactuallyhisancestor.Inthesecondoption,theadverbsupposedlypointstotheadjectiveIrish,implyingthatMax'
sgrandmotherisnotactuallyIrish.
D.形容词和副词同形式:
corresponding,frequent,independent,rare,recent,seeming,separate,significant,supposed,andusual→要思考modify的到底是什么词,以此确定到底应该用形容词还是副词
2)Nounmodifiers:
modifynouns
A.Thecat,whichlivesnextdoor,isverynoisy.
Thecatthatlivesnextdoorisverynoisy.
→Inthefirstsentence,the“commawhich”structureisanexampleofanonessentialmodifier.Ifyoutakeanonessentialmodifieroutofthesentence,youstillretainthefullmeaningofthemainpartofthesentence:
thecatisverynoisy(andboththetalkerandlistenerknowwhichcatisunderdiscussion).Thesecondsentenceincludesanexampleofanessentialmodifier.Ifyouremoveitfromthesentence,thenthemeaningmaybecompromised.Forinstance,iftherearethreecatsandyousayonly,“Thecatisverynoisy,”nobodywillknowwhichcatyoumean.Essentialmodifiersarenotusuallyseparatedoutbycommas.
B.Thepositionofnounmodifiers:
PlaceaNOUNanditsMODIFIERasclosetogetheraspossible
Jimbikedalonganolddirtroadtogettohishouse,whichcutthroughthewoods.
Togettohishouse,Jimbikedalonganolddirtroad,whichcutthroughthewoods.
→第二个句子更好,因为noun和itsmodifier离得更近
C.PossessiveNounsAreNotNouns
Happyabouthisraise,Bill'
scelebrationincludedtakinghisfriendsouttodinner.
→Bill’s这个名词所有格并不是名词而是形容词,因此happyabouthisraise不能够修饰它,而同时happyabouthisraise也不能修饰celebration
D.NounModifierMarkers:
a)RelativePronouns(suchasWhich,That,Who,Whose,Whom,Where,When)
b)PrepositionsandParticiples分词
3)AdverbialModifiers:
modifyanythingexceptnouns
A.Theplacementofadverbialmodifiers:
并不强调要和修饰的东西放的越近越好;
要求是不要和别的verb/clause放太近就可以了
TheCEOdeclaredthateveryonehadtoworkeverydaythroughtheholidaystomaketheproductiondeadline,butincallingforsuchanextrememeasure,thecompany'
semployeeswereupsettothepointofmutiny.
→此处incallingforsuchanextrememeasure修饰的应该是CEO,故该句子是ambiguous的
改为:
TheCEOdeclaredthateveryonehadtoworkeverydaythroughtheholidaystomaketheproductiondeadline,butincallingforsuchanextrememeasure,sheupsetheremployeestothepointofmutiny.
B.Checkthesequenceofparticiplemodifiers:
强调theinformationpresentedearlierinthesentenceleadstoorresultsintheinformationpresentedlaterinthesentence
C.Subordinators主从连词(suchasalthough,before,unless,because,yet,if,that,sothat,after,while,since,when)
Subordinator+independentclause=subordinateclausewhichmodifythemainclauseitattachedto(usuallythemainclausecomesafterthesubordinateclause)
4)Whichvs.thePresentParticiple–ing:
UseWHICHonlytorefertonouns—nevertorefertoanentireclause(只有-ing才可以refertotheentireclause)
Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,WHICHhasledtoariseinpropertyvalues.这个句子是错的
可改成:
Therecentdecreaseincrimeinourneighborhoodhasledtoariseinpropertyvalues.
Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,leadingtoariseinpropertyvalues.
5)Quantity
A.WordsUsedforCountableThingsvs.WordsUsedforUncountableThings
a)More,most,enough,andallworkwithbothcountable(plural)anduncountable(singular)nouns
b)Donotusetheword“less”withcountableitems
c)Becarefulwithunitnouns,suchas“dollars”or“gallons”.Bytheirnature,unitnounsarecountable.Thus,theyworkwithmostofthecountablemodifiers.However,unitnounsrepresentuncountablequantities:
money,volume.Asaresult,use“less”withunitnouns,whenyoureallywanttoindicatesomethingabouttheunderlyingquantity:
Wehavelessthan20DOLLARS
B.WordsUsedtoRelateTwoThingsvs.WordsUsedtoRelateThreeorMoreThings
a)Comparison:
比较级和最高级
b)Use“between”onlywithtwothingsorpeople.Whenyouaretalkingaboutthreeormorethingsorpeople,use“among”
C.TheWordNumbers:
use“greaterthan”,not“morethan”(whichmightimplythatthequantityofnumbersislarger,notthenumbersthemselves)
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