湖南英语高考 阅读填空专题指导Word文档下载推荐.docx
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湖南英语高考 阅读填空专题指导Word文档下载推荐.docx
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一致性:
一方面,表格结构和内容与正文一致;
另一方面,表格内容的表述形式要一致。
概括性:
体现在使用3个单词以内的小语段,来表达一个句子、几个句子、甚至整篇。
准确性:
就是要用无语言错误的规范语言科学地概括正文的主要内容。
应试方略。
1理解正文大意和结构。
表格结构和内容的设置是以正文为依据的,只有读懂了正文,才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。
考生可以采用边读边记要点的方法,将记叙文的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因和结果等简要地记下来,将议论文的总论点、分论点、论据等加以概括,很有可能表格的不少答案已在其中了。
2分析表格结构和内容。
一般情况下,表格的第一列或第一行为项目内容即小标题(列标题和行标题),通常就是段落和表格的主题句,它标示着其下方或右边细节内容所涉及的方向与范围,这些细节内容的填充可借助于小标题,同样,小标题的概括由各个细节决定。
表格内的所有项目之间存在着逻辑关系,彼此约束,相互支撑,互为联系。
3确定题目答案。
在实际做题过程中,考生不妨采用“表格—正文—表格”的模式。
先略读表格结构和内容,以把握正文的总体脉络,明了表格空缺所涉及的主要问题。
然后带着问题阅读正文部分,边读边记正文要点,避免填一空回头读一遍文章造成的时间浪费。
接下来,用所记的文章要点帮助表格填空,有些属基础题可直接引用原文词汇和语句;
而某些活用题则需要运用常识和所学语言知识,对原来结构完整、语意复杂的主题句化繁为简,简约地用与相邻语句相同或相似的形式表述出来;
难度较大的总结概括性题目如列标题和行标题,通常放在细节内容补全后完成,概括力求有针对性,准确,全面,得体。
最后,总览所填表格内容,避免遗漏,保证上下左右语意贯通。
第一节引用原文词汇和语句
※考点提示
顺利解答阅读填空题技巧之一就是,采用边读边记要点的方法,用所记的文章要点帮助表格填空。
表格中基础性题目很多可以直接引用原文中的词汇和语句即语段。
引用原文时(当然亦适用于其它情况)应注意字母的大小写问题。
无论在原文中语段首字母是大写还是小写,填空时一般要根据表格内现有同级语段的书写来确定,位于同一个表格内不同语段的大小写的规则,因所处的级别位置不同而不同。
另外,不同的表格可能采用不同的大小写规则。
规律小结①解题一般步骤:
分析表格结构,抓住主要问题;
理解正文大意,列出文章概要;
理清表格层次,先做细节题,再定小标题,最后的大标题。
②注意大小写的规范性,表格外大标题多数为每个单词首字母大写,表格内的小标题和细解题应视具体情况而定,不可一概而论。
题目设计者一定会设置3-5道直接引用原文词汇和语句的题目,我们首先要保证这部分题拿满分。
※同步训练
Everytwoyears,citiesaroundtheworldmakebidstotheInternationalOlympicCommission(IOC)tohosttheOlympicGames.Today,citiesareselectedthroughamuchmorerigorous(严格的)process.
AnycitythatwantstohosttheOlympicGamesputsinitsnametotheIOCandisconsideredan“ApplicantCity”.Forthenexttenmonths,theIOCinvestigatesthecityonseveralpoints:
1)ThecitymustprovethatitisbigenoughtohandletheOlympics.Italsoneedstoshowthatitcanhandlethehighlevelofsecurity(安全)neededatthegames.
2)ThecityneedstoconvincethelocalpeoplethattheexpensesofcoveringtheOlympics(whichmaybecoveredbyraisingtaxes)areworthitincityimprovementandnewjobs.
3)Thecityneedstomaintainahighlypositivemediaexposuretocarrythegames.
IftheIOCdecidesthatacityhasfulfilledthethreepointsabove,itisconsidereda“CandidateCity”andgoesintothesecondphaseoftheprocess.Afteranapplicationandanapplicationfeesubmitted(递交),theIOCmakesafinaljudgmentonwhichcityisthebestcandidateforthecomingSummerorWinterOlympicGames.
Thecostforbiddingforthegamesisincrediblyhigh.BidcommitteesmustpayanapplicationfeetotheIOC.(Thefeeforhostingthe2012OlympicsisUS$150,000.)Followingthefee,thecitiesgenerallyneedtobeginlargeconstructionprojectslikebuildingthe“Olympicvillage”,newsportsarenas(竞技场)andstadiums,andtransportationsystems.
SincetheOlympicsaresoexpensive,whydocitieswanttohostthegames?
CitiesbidfortheOlympicsforavarietyofreasons:
thedesiretoshowprideintheircityandtheircountry,theeagernesstobeintheinternationalspotlightfortwoweeks,theopportunitytobringnewjobsintothecommunity,andtobuilduptourismforthatcity.
BidfortheOlympics
Biddingphases
Necessaryconstructionprojects
Reasonsforbidding
firstphase
79.____
81.____
83.____
putinnameto76.______
Submittheapplicationandpay80.____
newsportsarenas
beingeagertobecometheinternationalspotlight
theIOCinvestigatesthecityonthreepoints
77._____
makefinaljudgment
stadiums
84.____
78._____
highlypositivemediaexposure
82.____
85.____
第二节归纳总结
※考点警示
①既然归纳总结是抓住众多信息的主要共有特征,那么,做题时就应首先将众多信息搜集齐全,再做分析,以避免归纳片面性的发生。
然后将次要信息特征果断丢弃,最后利用所学知识调整用词,简洁表达。
②潜心搜集掌握撰写文章和分析文章结构时常用的不同种类的词汇。
⑴item,topic,subject,title,fact,data,source,character,time,place
⑵sex,age,birth,nationality,career,experience,education,
⑶problem,cause,reason,way,method,solution,access,sign,feature,phenomena,usage,function,procedure,stage,phase,action,measure,effect,result,consequence,conclusion,comment,assessment,improvement
⑷aim,purpose,plan,activity,demand,requirement,advice,opinion,suggestion
⑸content,amount,number,difference,similarity,advantage,virtue,disadvantage
Whileitisimpossibletolivecompletelyfreeofstress,itispossibletopreventstressaswellasreduceitseffectwhenitcan’tbeavoided.TheUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesoffersthefollowingsuggestionsforwaystodealwithstress.
Tryphysicalactivity
Whenyouarenervous,angryorupset,tryreleasingthepressurethroughexerciseorphysicalactivity.Running,walking,playingtennis,orworkinginyourgardenarejustsomeoftheactivitiesyoumighttry.
Takecareofyourself
Youshouldmakeeveryefforttoeatwellandgetenoughrest.Ifyoueasilygetangryandcannotsleepwellenough,orifyou’renoteatingproperly,itwillbemorelikelythatyouwillfallintostressfulsituations.Ifstressrepeatedlykeepsyoufromsleeping,youshouldconsultadoctor.
Maketimeforyourself
Scheduletimeforbothworkandentertainment.Don’tforget,playcanbejustasimportanttoyouover-allwell-beingaswork.Youneedabreakfromyourdailyroutinetojustrelaxandhavefun.Gowindow-shoppingorworkonahobby.Allowyourselfatleastahalfhoureachdaytodosomethingyouenjoy.
Makealistofthethingsyouneedtodo
Stresscanresultfromdisorganizationandafeelingthat“there’ssomuchtodo,andnotenoughtime”.Tryingtotakecareofeverythingatoncecanbetoomuchforyouandasaresult,youmaynotachieveanything.Instead,makealistofeverythingyouhavetodo,thendoonethingatatime,checkingoffeachtaskasitiscompleted.Setouttodothemostimportanttasksfirst.
Howtodealwithstress
Phenomenaorreasons
76_________
Action(s)
Beingnervous,angryorupset
·
running
walking
playingtennis
77___________________
78______________
Notsleepingwellenough
Eating79____________
eatingwell
80___________________
consultingadoctor
Schedulingtimeforbothworkandentertainmentnotproperly
81_________foryourself
82_______________
workingonahobby
doingsomethingyouenjoy
83._____________andfeelingthattimeisnotenough
Makealistofthethings
84._____________atatime
85______________eachtask
asitiscompleted
settingouttodothemost
important
第三节运用常识解题
规律小结
阅读填空正文及表格部分,都有可能涉及到各方面的常识,如英美基本文化知识,生活小知识,自然科学及社会科学知识等。
平时应注意知识积累的横向平衡,博览群书,善于总结,勤于记忆。
ItisDecemberthirty-first,2004,thetimewhentheoldyeardiesandtheNewYearisborn.
ManyAmericanshavepartiesathomeandinvitealltheirfriends.Manyoftheseeventsarenoisy。
Peopleshoutandsing.TheyoftenblowonsmallnoisemakerswhentheNewYeararrivesatmidnight.Theykisstheirhusbandorwifeorthepersontheyarewith.Theydancetomusic.OtherAmericansspendaquieteveningathome.TheydrinkChampagneatmidnighttowelcometheNewYear.
SomepeopledrinktoomuchalcoholatNewYear’sEvecelebrations.Thiscanleadtotragicresultsifapersondrinkstoomuchandthendrivesacar.TheNationalSafetyCouncilsayshundredsofpeopledieinroadaccidentsduringtheholiday.
Inrecentyears,thedangerofaccidentshasresultedinanewtraditioncalledthe“designateddriver”OnepersonamongagroupoffriendsdrinkslittleornoalcoholduringNewYear’sEvecelebrations.Thenthisdesignateddrivercansafelydrivetheotherpeoplehome.ManyAmericancitiesalsoofferfreetaxiserviceonNewYear’sEvetotakepeoplehomesafely.
OtherAmericansobservethecomingoftheNewYearateventswithoutalcohol.Morethan220AmericancitiesholdtheseFirstNightcelebrations.ArtistsinBostonMassachusettsstartedthetraditionofFirstNightcelebrationsin1976.TheywantedtoobservethecomingofaNewYear.Buttheydidnotwanttoholdnoisydrinkingparties.Sotheyorganized,music,artandothereventstoobservetheholiday.
HowAmericansObserveNewYear’sDay
Waystocelebrate
Celebrationswithalcohol
Celebrationswithoutalcohol
Athome
Attheatresor83_______
Activities
Drinkingpartieswith78_______
Attendingmusic84______orart85____________
Makingvery79_________
Kissingeachother
Dancingtomusic
Mainproblems
Manydeathsontheroad80___________drink-and-drive
None
Ways77__________theproblem
Makingarrangementsforsomepeoplenot81_____soastodriveothershomesafely
82____freetaxiservicetotakepeoplehomesafely
第四节运用所学知识解题
阅读填空所有题目都具有简约表述的特征,将句、段、文浓缩简化为三个单词以内的小语段,技巧之一就是运用所学知识主要是语法知识,如非谓语的各种形式、名词所有格、词性转换、修饰语和中心词间的换位等等。
1用名词所有格形式“S”代替介词of
⑴theold-growingofthe"
babyboomers"
→Babyboomers’oldgrowing
⑵Thepowerofgovernment→Thegovernment’spower
⑶afriendofhermother→Hermother’sfriend
②词性转换
⑴Theyalsohavefewerabsencesandarelesslikelytoblame→lessblame(副词less转化为形容词,动词blame转化为名词)
⑵Theyaretryingtomakinglivingconditionsbetter→Betteringlivingcondition(形容词better转化为动词,并使用非谓语-ing形式)
⑶VitaminCisnecessaryforstrongbonesandteeth,andforhealthybloodvessels→Beinga_necessity/must_forstrongbonesandteethandhealthyblood.(形容词转名词)
③使用非谓语动词
⑴thefactthatpeopleintheU.S.arelivinglonger→Citizens’livinglonger
⑵designedtoimproveacademicperformance→improvingacademicperformance
⑶Theyaretryingtomakinglivingconditionsbetter→Betteringlivingcondition
④句子转为词组
⑴Onelikelydevelopmentwillbeagradualchangeinthefamilyunit→Familyunitchange
⑵Theotherlikelydevel
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