The culture difference between East and westernWord文档下载推荐.docx
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The culture difference between East and westernWord文档下载推荐.docx
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betweengovernments,diplomats,etc.AndthesewordsareallfromthesameFrenchwordetiquette.Ofcourse,morespreadandmoreprofoundculturalcommentof
thewesternetiquetteisfromtheClassicalPeriod,i.e.,oldAthensandRomaculture.Today,etiquettebecomethereflectionandmanifestationofonecountry’spolitics,economy,cultureinpeople’ssocialcontact.Anditincludetheprincipalandmoralthatpeopleshouldobeyindailylife.Etiquetteformedinthe
processofthedepositionofcultureandsocialcontact.Soeverynationhavetheirownetiquettestandardwhichcreatedwiththespiritofthistheirnation.Becauseofthisformedtheculturaldifferencebetweendifferentnations.Aslanguagesisthecarrierofthehumanculture.Thisdifferencemustreflectinthelanguageofdifferentnations.Sointhefollowing,wewilltakechina,BritishandAmericaastherepresentationofWestern,tolookatsomeculturaldifferenceinetiquette,andthenanalyzethereasons.Furthermore,wewilldiscusshowtolearnwesternculture.
一.
CulturaldifferencesonpolitenessbetweenwesternandChinesecanbefoundinmanyaspectsofdailycommunication,includingaddressing,greetingandparting,compliments,apologies,thanks,etc.Inthefollowing,wewilllookatsomeculturaldifferentbetweenChinaandwestern.
1.GreetingandParting
Whenpeoplemeetacquaintancesorfriends,peopleusuallygreeteachother.Thepurposeofgreetingistoestablishormaintainsocialcontact.Soformulaicexpressionsareoftenused,butsuchformulaicexpressionsoftencausesconflictbecauseofthegreatculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandnativeEnglish+-speakers.InEnglish,peopleoftenemploythefollowingexpressionstogreeteachother“Goodmorning/evening/afternoon.“Fineday,isn’tit?
”Howiseverythinggoing?
”Haveyoueatenyet?
”Whatareyougoingtodo?
”Wherehaveyoubeen?
”etc.Westernerstreatthemasrealquestion.WhileinChinese,wealwayssay“你吃了吗?
”“你上哪里去?
”“你干什么去?
”toshowourconsideration.Partingmaybedividedintotwosteps.Beforethefinalprating,thereisusualaleave-taking.WesternandChinesecultureshavediversewaystodealwithleave-takings.Firstly,inEnglishsociety,duringtheclosingphaseofanencounter,from”I”perspective,reasonsforterminatingtheencounterarepresentedinmitigatorycomments.Typicalcommentsareassociatedwithexpressionsofapology,suchas“I”amafraidImustbeoff,Ihavetorelievethebaby-sitter”etc.Westernpeoplebelievethattobewillingtovisitandconversewithsomeoneis
tohaverespectforhim.;
toterminatethevisitingisnotofone’sownfreewill,butbecauseofsomeotherarrangements,thereforetheyalwaystrytomaketheirleavingsoundreluctantbyfindingsomereasonsandapologizeforittomaketheleavingacceptableforbothparties.Englishspeakersoftensignalseveraltimesbeforeleaving.“Well,it’sbeennicetoseeyouagain.Idoenjoyourtalkandthelovelydinner,butImustbegoingsoon”.Thankyouverymuchforaskingmeover.Ihopewe’llbeabletogettogetheragainbeforelong…”Consolidationinawiderrangeofcommonacquaintancesalsooccurs,inexpressionssuchas“SayhellotoJackforme”or“RemembermetoJohn”.InChinesesociety,duringtheclosingphaseofandencounter,usually,froma“you”perspective,reasonsforendingtheencounteraresetforthinmitigatoryexpressions.Suchexpressionsinclude“你挺忙的,我就不多打扰了。
”“你一定累了,早点休息吧,我
要告辞了。
”,etc.Withthesewords,theymaystandupfromtheirseats.Chinese
leave-takingisveryshortandquick.Westernpeoplethinkitsoabruptthattheyhavenotprepareforit.Whilemovingtothedoor,Chineseemployexpressions
ofapologylike“对不起没,打扰了。
”“对不起,占用你不少时间。
”ItshouldbenotedthattheseexpressionsemployedbyChinesegueststoshowconcernfortheirhostscanonlybeappropriateforbusinessvisitsintheEnglishenvironment2..AddressingBothwesternandChinesepeoplehavetwokindsofpersonalnames---asurnameand
agivenname.Buttheorderandtheuseofthesenamesinthetwolanguagesare
somewhatdifferent.InChinese,thesurnamecomesfirstandthenthegivenname
.Andpeoplelikeadd“小”beforetheirfamilyname.Suchas“小王”、“小郑”、
“小李”、“小徐”andsoon..Whilewesternersnamesarewrittenandspokenwith
thegivennamefirstandthefamilynamelast.SoJohnSmith'
sfamilynameisSmith,notJohn.Inaformalsetting,addressmenas"
Mister"
(abbreviatedas"
Mr
."
),marriedwomenas"
Misses"
Mrs."
),andunmarriedwomenas"
Miss"
Ms."
).Thesedaysmanywomenprefertobeaddressedusing
theabbreviations"
or"
M."
pronounced"
miz"
.IfthepersonhasanM.D.or
Ph.D.,theywilloftenbeaddressedas"
Doctor"
Dr."
).Faculty
areaddressedas"
Professor"
Prof."
).Inaninformalsituation,
westernerswillintroduceeachotherbyfirstname,withouttitles,andoccasionallybyjustthelastname.Ifyouareintroducedtosomebodybyfirstname,youcanaddresshimorherbyfirstnamethenexttimeyoumeet.Theonlyexceptionwouldbeforsomeonewhoholdsanimportantposition,suchastheuniversitypresidentorprovost.Unlesstheytellyouotherwise,facultyshouldbeaddressed
usingtheirtitleandlastname(e.g.,"
ProfessorSmith"
).Whenindoubt,usetheformalmannerofaddress,sinceitisbettertoerronthesideofformality.
Itisalsoappropriatetoaskhowtheyprefertobeaddressed.Childrenshould
alwaysaddressadultsintheformalfashion,usingtheirtitleandlastname.
Anotherdifferenceisabouttheformofaddressing.Fromtheviewpointofsociolinguistics,formsofaddressingcanserveasanindicationoftherelationshipofpowerandsolidarityinthesociety.Incallingtheirsuperiorsorelders,the
Chineseareaccustomedtothenonreciprocalorasymmetricaladdressing,inotherwords.Theyuse“title+surname”toaddresstheirsuperiororeldersrather
thancallthemsurnames,whilethesuperiororelderscalltheaddresserstheir
names.TheChinesetendtoabidebythepoliteprincipleofdepreciatingoneself
andrespectingotherstoshowappropriaterespectstowardsthepersonsbeingaddressed,otherwise,theaddressermaybeconsideredasillmannered,illeducatedorrude.ButinEnglishspeakingcountries,peoplehaveatendencytofollowthereciprocalorsymmetricaladdressing.Althoughtheyaredifferentinageand
status,theycancalltheotherdirectly,namely,theirnames,evenfirstnames
exceptwhentheycallthedoctors,notarousingoffencebetweenthem,butdemonstratingthesenseofintimacyandtheconceptionof”Everyoneiscreatedequal”
.Chinesepeoplefeelunnaturaladdressingawesternerbyhisgivenname,feelingthatitindicatestooclosearelationship,andwesterners,ontheotherhand,
mayfeelthatifaChineseinsistsonusinghissurname,itindicatesanunwillingnesstobefriendlyandmaintainsagapbetweenthem.Sotheuseofformslike”MissMary”or“Mr.Smith”maybeaChineseformsofcompromise.WithMissMary,theuseofthegivennameindicatesfriendliness,buttheadditionofthetitleindicatestherespecttheyfeeltheyoughttoshow.AndwithSmith,the
lackofatitleindicatesfriendliness,buttheuseofthesurnamepreventsifsoundingtoointimate.However,bothaddressingusedbytheChinesesoundverystrangeanduncomfortabletothewesterner.
3.ComplimentsandResponseTocomplimentistopraisetheaddressee’svirtues,ability,behavior,appearance,clothing,personalityandbelongs.Appropriatecomplimentscanserveaseffectivesupplementarymeansininter-personalcommunication.WesternandChinesecultureareatpolaroppositesaboutcompliment.Anwesternhostess,ifsheiscomplimentedforhercookingskill,islikelytosay,”Oh,Iamsogladthatyou
likedit.Icookitespeciallyforyou.”NotsoisaChinesehostess,whowill
insteadapologizeforgivingyou“Nothing”.Theywillsay“随便作几个菜,不好吃
。
”IftranslatethisintoEnglish“Ijustmadesomedishescasuallyandtheyarenotverytasty.Perhapstheforeignerwillthinkwhyyouinvitemetoyoufamilyandhavetheuntastyfood.Youaren'
trespectme.TheEnglish-speakingpeople
aremoreactivetopraiseothersandtobepraisethanChinesepeople.Forexample,theAmericansare“straightforwardness”,theChinesetakepridein“modesty”.ThatmodestyhasleftmanyaChinesehungryatanAmericanstable,forChinesepolitenesscallsforthreerefusalsbeforeoneacceptsanofferandtheAmericanshoststake”no”tomean“no”,whetheritisthefirst,secondor
thirdtime.Stillbiggerdifferencesexist
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