水利水电工程专业土石坝的评估和修复毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文.docx
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水利水电工程专业土石坝的评估和修复毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文.docx
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水利水电工程专业土石坝的评估和修复毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计(论文)
外文文献翻译
文献、资料中文题目:
土石坝的评估和修复
文献、资料英文题目:
文献、资料来源:
文献、资料发表(出版)日期:
院(部):
专业:
班级:
姓名:
学号:
指导教师:
翻译日期:
2017.02.14
附录一外文翻译
英文原文
AssessmentandRehabilitationofEmbankmentDams
NasimUddin,P.E.,M.ASCE1
Abstract:
Aseriesofobservations,studies,andanalysestobemadeinthefieldandintheofficearepresentedtogainaproperunderstandingofhowanembankmentdamfitsintoitsgeologicsettingandhowitinteractswiththepresenceofthereservoiritimpounds.Itisintendedtoprovideanintroductiontotheengineeringchallengesofassessmentandrehabilitationofembankments,withparticularreferencetoaCrotonDamembankment.
DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2002)16:
4(176)
CEDatabasekeywords:
Rehabilitation;Dams,embankment;Assessment.
Introduction
Manymajorfacilities,hydraulicorotherwise,havebecomeveryoldandbadlydeteriorated;moreandmoreownersarecomingtorealizethatthecostofrestoringtheirfacilitiesistakingupasignificantfractionoftheiroperatingbudgets.Rehabilitationis,therefore,becomingamajorgrowthindustryforthefuture.Inembankmentdamengineering,neitherthefoundationnorthefillsarepremanufacturedtostandardsorcodes,andtheirperformancecorrespondinglyisnever100%predictable.Damengineering—inparticular,thatrelatedtoearthstructures—hasevolvedonmanyfrontsandcontinuestodoso,particularlyinthecontextoftheeconomicaluseofresourcesandthedeterminationofacceptablelevelsofrisk.Becauseofthis,therefore,thereremainsawidevarietyofopinionandpracticeamongengineersworkinginthefield.Manyaspectsofdesigningandconstructingdamswillprobablyalwaysfallwithinthatgroupofengineeringproblemsforwhichtherearenouniversallyacceptedoruniquelycorrectprocedures.
Inspiteofadvancesinrelatedtechnologies,however,itislikelythatthebuildingofembankmentsandthereforetheirmaintenance,monitoring,andassessmentwillremainanempiricalprocess.Itis,therefore,difficulttoconceiveofasetofrigorous
assessmentproceduresforexistingdams,iftherearenodesigncodes.Manyagencies(theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,USBR,TennesseeValleyAuthority,FERC,etc.)havedevelopedchecklistsforfieldinspections,forexample,andsuggestedformatsandtopicsforassessmentreporting.However,thesecannotbetakenasprocedures;theyserveasguidelines,reminders,andexamplesofwhattolookforandreporton,buttheyserveasnosubstituteforanexperienced,interested,andobservantengineeringeye.Severalkeyfactorsshouldbeexaminedbytheengineerinthecontextofthemandateagreeduponwiththedamowner,andthesetogetherwithrelevantandappropriatecomputationsofstaticanddynamicstabilityformthebasisoftheassessment.Itisonlysensibleforanengineertocommittotheevaluationoftheconditionof,ortheassessmentof,anexistingandoperatingdamifhe/sheisfamiliarandcomfortablewiththedesignandconstructionofsuchthingsandfurthermorehasdemonstratedhis/herunderstandingandexperience.
RehabilitationMeasures
Themainfactorsaffectingtheperformanceofanembankmentdamare
(1)seepage;
(2)stability;and(3)freeboard.Foranembankmentdam,allofthesefactorsareinterrelated.Seepagemaycauseerosionandpiping,whichmayleadtoinstability.Instabilitymaycausecracking,which,inturn,maycausepipinganderosionfailures.Themeasurestakentoimprovethestabilityofanexistingdamagainstseepageandpipingwilldependonthelocationoftheseepage(foundationorembankment),theseepagevolume,anditscriticality.Embankmentslopestabilityisusuallyimprovedbyflatteningtheslopesorprovidingatoeberm.Thisslopestabilizationisusuallycombinedwithdrainagemeasuresatthedownstreamtoe.Ifthestabilityoftheupstreamslopeunderrapiddrawdownconditionsisofconcern,thenfurtheranalysisand/ormonitoringofresultingporepressuresormodificationsofreservoiroperations
mayeliminateorreducetheseconcerns.Finally,raisinganearthfilldamisusuallyarelativelystraightforwardfillplacementoperation,especiallyiftheextentoftheraisingisrelativelysmall.Theinterfacebetweentheoldandnewfillsmustbegivencloseattentionbothindesignandconstructiontoensurethecontinuityoftheimperviouselementandassociatedfilters.Relativelynewmaterials,suchastheimperviousgeomembranesandreinforcedearth,havebeenusedwithsuccessinraisingembankmentdams.Rehabilitationofanembankmentdam,however,israrely
achievedbyasinglemeasure.Usuallyacombinationofmeasures,suchastheinstallationofacutoffplusapressurereliefsystem,isused.Inrehabilitationwork,theeffectivenessoftherepairsisdifficulttopredict;often,aphasedapproachtotheworkisnecessary,with
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