教师用 英语四级快速阅读模拟题文档格式.docx
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教师用 英语四级快速阅读模拟题文档格式.docx
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ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)
iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Sleep
Sleepisoneofthosefunnythingsaboutbeingahumanbeing---youjusthavetodoit.Haveyoueverwonderedwhy?
Andwhataboutthecrazydreams,liketheonewhereabadpersonischasingyouandyoucan’trunoryell.Doesthatmakeanysense?
CharacteristicsofSleep
Whenweseesomeonesleeping,werecognizethefollowingcharacteristics:
Ifpossible,thepersonwillliedowntogotosleep.
Theperson’seyesareclosed.
Thepersondoesn’thearanythingunlessitisaloudnoise.
Thepersonbreathesinaslow,rhythmicpattern.
Theperson’smusclesarecompletelyrelaxed.Ifsittingup,thepersonmayfalloutofhisorherchairassleepdeepens.
Duringsleep,thepersonoccasionallyrollsoverorrearrangeshisorherbody.Thishappensapproximatelyonceortwiceanhour.Thismaybethebody’swayofmakingsurethatnopartofthebodyorskinhasitscirculationcutofffortoolongaperiodoftime.
Inadditiontotheseoutwardsigns,theheartslowsdownandthebraindoessomeprettyfunkythings.
Inotherwords,asleepingpersonisunconscioustomostthingshappeningintheenvironment.Thebiggestdifferencebetweensomeonewhoisasleepandsomeonewhohasfaintedorgoneintoacomaisthefactthatasleepingpersoncanbearousedifthestimuluspresentedby
isstrongenough.Ifyoushaketheperson,yellloudlyorflashabrightlight,asleepingpersonwillwakeup.
WhoSleeps?
Reptiles(爬行动物),birdsandmammalsallsleep.Thatis,theybecomeunconscioustotheirsurroundingsforperiodsoftime.Somefishandamphibians(两栖动物)reducetheirawarenessbutdonoteverbecomeunconsciouslikethehighervertebrates(脊椎动物)do.Insectsdonotappeartosleep,althoughtheymaybecomeinactiveindaylightordarkness.
Bystudyingbrainwaves,itisknownthatreptilesdonotdream.Birdsdreamalittle.Mammalsalldreamduringsleep.
Differentanimalssleepindifferentways.Someanimals,likehumans,prefertosleepinonelongsession.Otheranimalsliketosleepinmanyshortbursts.Somesleepatnight,whileotherssleepduringtheday.
SleepandtheBrain
Ifyouattachanelectroencephalographtoaperson’shead,youcanrecordtheperson’sbrainwaveactivity.Anawakeandrelaxedpersongeneratesalphawaves,whichareconsistentoscillationsatabout10cyclespersecond.Analertpersongeneratesbetawaves,whichareabouttwiceasfast.
Duringsleep,twoslowerpatternscalledthetawavesanddeltawavestakeover.Thetawaveshaveoscillationsintherangeof3.5to7cyclespersecond,anddeltawaveshaveoscillationsoflessthan3.5cyclespersecond.Asapersonfallsasleepandsleepdeepens,thebrainwavepatternsslowdown.Apersondeepindeltawavesleepishardesttowakeup.
REMSleep
Atseveralpointsduringthenight,somethingunexpectedhappens--rapideyemovement(REM)sleepoccurs.MostpeopleexperiencethreetofiveintervalsofREMsleeppernight,andbrainwavesduringthisperiodspeeduptoawakelevels.IfyoueverwatchapersonoradogexperiencingREMsleep,youwillseetheireyesflickeringbackandforthrapidly.Inmanydogsandsomepeople,arms,legsandfacialmuscleswilltwitchduringREMsleep.PeriodsofsleepotherthanREMsleepareknownasNREM(non-REM)sleep.
REMsleepiswhenyoudream.IfyouwakeupapersonduringREMsleep,thepersoncanvividlyrecalldreams.IfyouwakeupapersonduringNREMsleep,generallythepersonwillnotbedreaming.
YoumusthavebothREMandNREMsleeptogetagoodnight’ssleep.Anormalpersonwillspendabout25percentofthenightinREMsleep,andtherestinNREM.AREMsession
adream--lastsfiveto30minutes.
WhenYouMissSomeZzzzs…
Onewaytounderstandwhywesleepistolookatwhathappenswhenwedon’tgetenough:
Asyouknowifyouhaveeverpulledanall-nighter,missingonenightofsleepisnotfatal.Apersonwillgenerallybeirritableduringthenextdayandwilleitherslowdown(becometiredeasily)orwillbetotallywiredbecauseofadrenalin(肾上腺素).
Ifapersonmissestwonightsofsleep,itgetsworse.Concentrationisdifficult,andattentionspanfallsbythewayside.Mistakesincrease.
Afterthreedays,apersonwillstarttohallucinateandclearthinkingisimpossible.Withcontinuedwakefulnessapersoncanlosegraspofreality.Ratsforcedtostayawakecontinuouslywilleventuallydie,provingthatsleepisessential.
Apersonwhogetsjustafewhoursofsleeppernightcanexperiencemanyofthesameproblemsovertime.
Twootherthingsareknowntohappenduringsleep.Growthhormoneinchildrenissecretedduringsleep,andchemicalsimportanttotheimmunesystemaresecretedduringsleep.Youcanbecomemorepronetodiseaseifyoudon’tgetenoughsleep,andachild’sgrowthcanbestunted(阻碍)bysleepdeprivation.
WhySleep?
Noonereallyknowswhywesleep.But,thereareallkindsoftheories,includingthese:
Sleepgivesthebodyachancetorepairmusclesandothertissues,replaceagingordeadcells,etc.
Sleepgivesthebrainachancetoorganizeandarchivememories.Dreamsarethoughtbysometobepartofthisprocess.
Sleeplowersourenergyconsumption,soweneedthreemealsadayratherthanfourorfive.Sincewecan’tdoanythinginthedarkanyway,wemightaswell"
turnoff"
andsavetheenergy.
Whatweallknowisthat,withagoodnight’ssleep,everythinglooksandfeelsbetterinthemorning.Boththebrainandthebodyarerefreshedandreadyforanewday.
Dreams
Thebraincreatesdreamsthroughrandomelectricalactivity.Randomisthekeywordhere.Aboutevery90minutesthebrainstemsendselectricalimpulsesthroughoutthebrain,innoparticularorderorfashion.Theanalyticportionofthebrain--theforebrain----thendesperatelytriestomakesenseofthesesignals.ItislikelookingataRorschachtest,arandomsplashofinkonpaper.Theonlywayofcomprehendingitisbyviewingthedream(ortheinkblot)metaphorically,symbolically,sincethere’snoliteralmessage.
Thisdoesn’tmeanthatdreamsaremeaninglessorshouldbeignored.Howourforebrainschooseto"
analyze"
therandomanddiscontinuousimagesmaytellussomethingaboutourselves,justaswhatweseeinaninkblotcanberevelatory.Andperhapsthereisapurposetothecraziness:
Ourmindsmaybeworkingondeep-seatedproblemsthroughthesecircuitousandlessthreateningmetaphoricaldreams.
Herearesomeotherthingsyoumayhavenoticedaboutyourdreams:
Dreamstellastory.TheyarelikeaTVshow,withscenes,charactersandprops.
Dreamsareegocentric.Theyalmostalwaysinvolveyou.
Dreamsincorporatethingsthathavehappenedtoyourecently.Theycanalsoincorporate
deepwishesandfears.
Anoiseintheenvironmentisoftenworkedintoadreaminsomeway,givingsomecredibilitytotheideathatdreamsaresimplythebrain’sresponsetorandomimpulses.
Youusuallycannotcontroladream--infact,manydreamsemphasizeyourlackofcontrolbymakingitimpossibletorunoryell.
Dreamingisimportant.Insleepexperimentswhereapersoniswokenupeverytimehe/sheentersREMsleep,thepersonbecomesincreasinglyimpatientanduncomfortableovertime.
HowMuchSleepDoINeed?
Mostadultpeopleseemtoneedseventoninehoursofsleepanight.Thisisanaverage,anditisalsosubjective.You,forexample,probablyknowhowmuchsleepyouneedinanaveragenighttofeelyourbest.
Theamountofsleepyouneeddecreaseswithage.Anewbornbabymightsleep20hoursaday.Byagefour,theaverageis12hoursaday.Byage10,theaveragefallsto10hoursaday.Seniorcitizenscanoftengetbywithsixorsevenhoursaday.
1.Thispassagetellsuswhypeoplehavetosleepandwhatcausesdreams.
2.Duringsleep,thepersonisconscioustomostthingshappeningintheenvironment.
3.Neitherreptilesnorbirdsdreamduringsleep.
4.AnormalpersonspendsthemainpartofthenightinNREMsleep.
5.Ifyoumissonenightofsleep,youwillloseyourappetitetosomeextent.
6.Nobodyreallyknowsthereasonwhywesleep.
7.Generallyspeaking,youneedlessamountofsleepasyougrowolder.
8.Theslower________________
thedeeperthesleep.
9.REMinthispassagestandsfor________________________.
10.Thebrainstemsendselectricalimpulsesthroughoutthebrainaboutevery________________.
【答案与解析】
1.Y
通过浏览全文,我们可以对文章内容有个整体的把握。
本题是说文中提到了人们需要睡眠以及导致做梦的原因。
纵览各个小标题,可以看到有这么两个:
(为何睡眠)和Dreams(梦),通过阅读段首句Noonereallyknowswhywesleep和Thebraincreatesdreamsthroughrandomelectricalactivity我们就可以了解到两段的主要内容,由此可判断本题属于文章提到的内容。
2.N
本句讲的是正在做梦的人对于周围发生的大多数事情都是有意识的(conscious)。
在小标题CharacteristicsofSleep的下面,我们可以看到这么一句话:
Inotherwords,asleepingpersonisunconscioustomostthingshappeningintheenvironment。
unconscious与题干中的conscious正好相反,由此可知本句不符原文。
3.N
本题讲的是爬行动物和鸟类在睡眠中都不做梦,显然涉及的是做梦的主体。
首先我们查找含有reptilesandbirds的部分,在WhoSleeps?
小标题下面可以看到Reptiles,birdsandmammalsallsleep,但是下段话中紧接着说了…itisknownthatreptilesdonotdream.Birdsdreamalittle,题干内容正与此相悖,故本句与原文中的内容不相符合。
4.
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