四级阅读.docx
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四级阅读.docx
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四级阅读
四级阅读
It is common knowledge that drug abuse leads to harmful consequences. Why then do people—particularly youngsters—continue to use drugs?
Psychologists claim that there are three basic motivations that influence people to take drugs:
curiosity, stress and environmental factors. Sometimes, youngsters take drugs simply because they are curious. Taking drugs seems to be the “inthing” for their generation, so they want to know what drugs are like. The trouble is that they do not know that taking soft and seemingly innocuous(无害的) drugs can develop into cravings(渴望) for stronger stuff later on. In some cases, youngsters are depressed or frustrated because of problems related to parents, school or the opposite sex. They take drugs to escape from the stress brought on by all these problems. In other cases, the environment is conductive to taking drugs. If, for instance, a youngster belongs to a community, school, or peer group where other youngsters take drugs, he may soon be tempted to follow suit, for fear of ostracism or nonacceptance.
There is a growing consensus nowadays among social workers and psychologists that the best possible approach to the problem of drug addiction among the young is for school authorities, social workers and the Police Narcotics Division to work together to provide young people with muchneeded education on the effects and dangers of drug abuse. Moreover, parents can do a great job in leading children away from drugs. They should spend more time with their children, listening and talking to them. Most importantly, parents should show them attention, concern and love. Parents who always scream at their children and nag(唠叨) them about their failings and weaknesses are regarded as unwitting drug pushers. As far as young people are concerned, a warm and happy family, wherein members share both joys and sorrows and where children get maximum encouragement and support, is the best bulwark against the onslaughts of drugs. It is no exaggeration to say that a happy home is a drug free home.
1. The expression “inthing” in the first paragraph most probably means ____.
A. curiosity B. fashion C. demand D. pressure
2. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as a reason why some youngsters take soft drugs?
A. They think that soft drugs are not harmful.
B. They wonder what drugs are like.
C. They are disturbed by problems.
D. Their parents are drugtakers.
3. Social workers and psychologists hold a common belief that ____.
A. the Police Narcotics Division should take sole responsibility for the problem of drug addiction among the young
B. parents ought to be educated about the effects and danger of drug abuse C. young people tend to be addicted to drugs
D. the concerned authorities should join efforts to educate youngsters about the evil consequences of drug addiction
4. A youngster grows in a community where people around him take drugs ____.
A. may also take drugs to adapt to the trend
B. may run away from home for fear to be involved in it
C. may be very cautious in his choice of friends
D. may be tempted into doing the same thing to be accepted
5. The best way to prevent youngsters from taking soft drugs is ____.
A. to issue a ban on the sale of drugs
B. to punish the drug addicts
C. to give them a warm and loving family
D. to teach them principles
2
Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.All foods contain water—cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80% to 60% depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria(细菌) which cause food to go bad is checked.
Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration(脱水) is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃ at entry to about 43℃ at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.
Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.
Dried foods take up less room and weight less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried out moisture with boiling water.
6. The chief point of the second paragraph is about ____.
A. the comparison of lean meat and fish
B. the removal of water in food
C. the water content in food
D. the relationship between water and food
7. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. the fattier fish contain as much water as the lean ones
B. the fattier the fish is the more water it may contain
C. a fatty fish holds less water than a lean one
D. the water content of fish has nothing to do with the content of their fat
8. The word “conventional” in Paragraph 3 can most probably be replaced by ____.
A. traditional B. scientific
C. usual and acceptable D. not common
9. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about drying food?
A. The removal of water in food helps prevent it from going rotten.
B. The openair method of drying food has been known for hundreds of years.
C. In the course of dehydration, the temperature of hot current coming from entry to exit is gradually going up.
D. The process of drying liquids is much more complex than that of drying solid food.
10.The last paragraph tends to discuss ____.
A. the reason why housewives like dried food
B. the general convenience of dried food
C. the methods of storing food
D. the advantages of dried, canned and frozen food
3
The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anaesthetics(麻醉药). Patients do not often believe they really need surgerycutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.
In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery.
A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves(瓣膜) repaired. Blocked blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life.Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machines to keep patients alive during very long operations.
One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that withthe use of xrays and special drugs, it is possible to transplant tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between nonidentical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be solved.
11.In the first paragraph, the word“irrational” most probably means ____.
A. understandable
B. unreasonable
C. reasonable
D. logical
12.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Modern surgeons are able to perform almost every operation.
B. A patient can still live a comfortable and satisfactory life even after the removal of his lungs.
C. Most people prefer treatment with drugs to surgical operations.
D. With the use of xrays and special drugs, modern surgeons can carry out any organ transplant successfully.
13.Some of the more astonishing innovations in modern surgery include ____.
A. brain removal
B. plastic heart valves
C. lungs replacement
D. artificial nose
14.The main trouble in organ transplants is ____
A. the lack of specialized surgeons
B. there are not enough organs available
C. the body’s tendency to repel alien tissues
D. people’s reluctance to donate their organs
15.In this passage, the author focuses on ____.
A. the importance of surgical operation
B. advantages and disadvantages of surgical operation
C. the ways of curing the patients who need surgery
D. dramatic spurt in modern surgery in the last fifty years
4
In one very long sentence, the introduction to the U.N. Charter expres
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