WTODisputeSettlementMechanism5.docx
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WTODisputeSettlementMechanism5.docx
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WTODisputeSettlementMechanism5
WTODisputeSettlementMechanism(5)
ChapterV
GuidelinesforInterpretation
oftheWTOCoveredAgreements
OUTLINE
IIntroduction
IIApplicationofArts.31,32oftheViennaConvention
IIIWTORulesonConflicts:
EffectiveInterpretation
IVTheStatusofLegitimateExpectationsinInterpretation
IIntroduction
AccordingtoArt.11oftheDSU,thepanel’sroleisto“makeanobjectiveassessmentofthematterbeforeit,includinganobjectiveassessmentofthefactsofthecaseandtheapplicabilityandconformitywiththerelevantcoveredagreements”.Inthepreviouschapter,wehaveexaminedthegeneralstandardofreviewlabeledas“anobjectiveassessment”regarding“thefactsofthecase”;clearly,forpanelstofulfilappropriatelytheirfunctionsasdesignatedinArt.11oftheDSU,itisalsoindiscerptibletomakesuchanobjectiveassessmentof“theapplicabilityandconformitywiththerelevantcoveredagreements”.Therefore,theinterpretationissueofthecoveredagreementsarises.Inthissection,theauthorwillscrutinizeguidelinesforinterpretationappliedundertheWTOjurisprudence.
Toresolveaparticulardispute,beforeaddressingtheparties’argumentsindetail,itisclearlynecessaryandappropriatetoclarifythegeneralissuesconcerningtheinterpretationoftherelevantprovisionsandtheirapplicationtotheparties’claims.However,theplexnatureofthecoveredagreementshasgivenrisetodifficultiesininterpretation.
Asnotedpreviously,GATT/WTOjurisprudenceshouldnotbeviewedinisolationfromgeneralprinciplesdevelopedininternationallawormostjurisdictions;andaccordingtoArt.oftheDSU,panelsareboundbythe“customaryrulesofinterpretationofpublicinternationallaw”intheirexaminationofthecoveredagreements.Anumberofrecentadoptedreportshaverepeatedlyreferred,asinterpretativeguidelines,to“customaryrulesofinterpretationofpublicinternationallaw”asembodiedinthetextofthe1969ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties(‘ViennaConvention’),especiallyinitsArts.31,32.ItisinaccordancewiththeserulesoftreatyinterpretationthatpanelsortheAppellateBodyhavefrequentlyexaminedtheWTOprovisionsatissue,onthebasisoftheordinarymeaningofthetermsofthoseprovisionsintheircontext,inthelightoftheobjectandpurposeofthecoveredagreementsandtheWTOAgreement.TheseViennaConventionarticlesprovideasfollows:
“Art.31:
GeneralRuleofInterpretation
1.Atreatyshallbeinterpretedingoodfaithinaccordancewiththeordinarymeaningtobegiventothetermsofthetreatyintheircontextandinthelightofitsobjectandpurpose.
2.Thecontextforthepurposeoftheinterpretationofatreatyshallprise,inadditiontothetext,includingitspreambleandannexes:
(a)anyagreementrelatingtothetreatywhichwasmadebetweenallthepartiesinconnexionwiththeco
nclusionofthetreaty;
(b)anyinstrumentwhichwasmadebyoneormorepartiesinconnexionwiththeconclusionofthetreatyandacceptedbytheotherpartiesasaninstrumentrelatedtothetreaty.
3.Thereshallbetakenintoaccounttogetherwiththecontext:
(a)anysubsequentagreementbetweenthepartiesregardingtheinterpretationofthetreatyortheapplicationofitsprovisions;
(b)anysubsequentpracticeintheapplicationofthetreatywhichestablishestheagreementofthepartiesregardingitsinterpretation;
(c)anyrelevantrulesofinternationallawapplicableintherelationsbetweentheparties.
4.Aspecialmeaningshallbegiventoatermifitisestablishedthatthepartiessointended.
Art.32SupplementaryMeansofInterpretation
Recoursemaybehadtosupplementarymeansofinterpretation,includingthepreparatoryworkofthetreatyandthecircumstancesofitsconclusion,inordertoconfirmthemeaningresultingfromtheapplicationofarticle31,ortodeterminethemeaningwhentheinterpretationaccordingtoarticle31:
(a)leavesthemeaningambiguousorobscure;or
(b)leadstoaresultwhichismanifestlyabsurdorunreasonable.”
IIApplicationofArts.31,32oftheViennaConvention
PursuanttoArt.oftheViennaConvention,thedutyofatreatyinterpreteristodeterminethemeaningofaterminaccordancewiththeordinarymeaningtobegiventotheterminitscontextandinlightoftheobjectandpurposeofthetreaty.AsnotedbytheAppellateBodyinitsReportonJapan-AlcoholicBeverages(DS8/DS10/DS11),“Article31ofprovidesthatthewordsofthetreatyformthefoundationfortheinterpretiveprocess:
‘interpretationmustbebasedabovealluponthetextofthetreaty’.Theprovisionsofthetreatyaretobegiventheirordinarymeaningintheircontext.Theobjectandpurposeofthetreatyarealsotobetakenintoaccountindeterminingthemeaningofitsprovisions”.AndinUS–Shrimps
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