跨文化管理 论文模版三改.docx
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跨文化管理 论文模版三改.docx
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跨文化管理论文模版三改
上海商学院
旅游管理专业
跨文化管理(全英语)
课程论文
专业:
旅游管理
班级:
141班
学号:
14451040101
姓名:
陈佳婷
2016年12月20日
TheStudyofdifferencesbetweenWesterncuisinecultureandChinesecuisineculture
中西方饮食文化差异的研究报告
by
ChenJiating
RegisteredNo.14451040101
Contents
Ⅰ.Introduction1
II.DifferencesinDietaryConcepts2
A."Pantheism"to"Foodism”
B."Collectivism"to"Individualism"
C."Pomp"to"Freesimple"
Ⅲ.DifferencesinBanquetEtiquette4
A.Tablewaredifferences:
"Chopsticks"vs"Knifeandfork"
B.Differencesinattendancetime:
"Late"to"Ontime"
C.Differencesinseatingarrangements
D."North-south"toLeft-right"
E."Menrespectwomen"to"Womenfirst,equalitybetweenmenandwomen"
F.Differencesindietcontent:
"Seekingfine"to"Stresstheneedforbalancednutrition."
Ⅳ.Conclusion7
Ⅴ.Bibliography7
Abstract:
Dietarycultureisthesumtotalofhumandietarybehavior,conception,technologyanditsproducts.Itshowshumannaturalchoiceanddietarywayoflifethatissuitedtospecialgeographicalenvironmentandhumaneenvironmentthroughcommonpractice.CulturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandAmericacreatethedifferencesoffoodculture,whichcomefromthedifferentculturalvalues,waysofthinkingandphilosophy.BycomparingthedifferentculturalvaluesbetweenChinaandAmerica,thepapermainlymakesaresearchonthedifferencesofAmericanandChinesefoodculturefromtheaspectsofdietaryconception,structureandtablemanners.Italsostatesthefoodcultureoppositesinunitybetweenthesetwocountries,pointsoutthetrendandinevitabilityoftheirblendingtogether.Lastly,itmakessomesuggestionsonthedevelopmentwaysforChinesefastfoodindustry.Understandingtheirdifferencesandrectifyingtheattitudestowardstheindividualculturewillhelptoavoidthecontradictionsandconflictsbroughtforthbydifferentfoodcultureandvalues,andthuspromotingcultureexchangeanddevelopmentofthetwocountries.
饮食文化作为文化的重要方面,是指人类的各个群体对自然食物的分配方式的不同所引起的一切文化现象,是人们在饮食活动中所体现的物质和精神现象的总和。
随着对饮食健康的重视,不少中外的营养学者都在研究各国的饮食习惯,旨在寻求更为合理的饮食结构。
不同国家饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际现象之一,在外语教学中研究这些差异可以培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力。
全球化形势下的跨文化交际,使世界上不同的饮食文化出现了互补和融合的态势,如果把比较有代表性的中美两国人们的饮食习惯做一个对比,会得出在饮食文化上值得探讨的问题。
I.Introduction
Duetogeographicalcharacteristics,climate,customsandotherfactors,foodandbeverageproductswillappearintherawmaterials,tastes,cookingmethods,eatinghabitsonthedifferentdegreesofdifference.Itispreciselybecauseofthesedifferences,foodproductshaveastrongregionalism.DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternculturescreatedthedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternfoodculture,andthisdifferencecomesfromdifferentwaysofthinkingandphilosophyoflife.Chinesepeoplepaymuchattentionto"HeavenandMan",butWesternersfocuson"people-oriented."
Chineseandwesternculturaldifferenceshavealwaysbeenpaidtoomuchattentionamongthepeople."Foodforthepeople",dietbecomesoneofthemostbasichumansurvivalactivities,itisnotonlythemaincontentofhumansociallife,butalsoapioneerinculture.Whetheritisfromtheharvestofrawmaterials,processingorfromeatinghabits,eatingmethodsanddietconcept,theyallreflectanation'sculturalheritage,ethniccustoms,productionpatternsandphilosophy.
Chinesepeople'straditionaldietarypracticesarebasedonplant-baseddiets.Staplefoodisgrain,complementaryfoodisvegetables,includingasmallamountofmeat.ThemainreasonfortheformationoftheCentralPlainsregionisthepracticeofagriculturalproductionasthemainmodeofeconomicproduction.BeingbasedonhotfoodandcookedfoodisalsoamajorfeatureofChinesepeopleeatingcustoms.ThisisrelatedtotheearlydevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandcookingtechnology.Westerncountriesupholdthenomadic,sailingethnicculturalorigin,huntingandbreeding,breedingforaliving,thetraditionaldiettothemainanimalfood.Tocollect,supplementedbyplanting,HunShimore,eat,wear,usearetakenfromanimals.High-calorie,high-fatdietstructureadaptedtohighlatitudesofgeographyandclimate.Combinationofrawandcookedvegetables,vegetables,saladbeforealotoftimethere.
II.DifferencesinDietaryConcepts
A."Pantheism"to"Foodism"
InChina,"eat"isnotjust"eat",itisgivenarichmeaning.Astheoldsayinggoes,"Foodisthefirstnecessityofthepeople",wecanseetheimportanceofdietintheheartsofthepeople.Theidea"foodtothepeople",manyscholarshavealsocalledit"Pan-food".Amongthepeople,dietisnotjustformeetingtheirstomachandtaste,itiscloselyrelatedwithpeople'slivesandthespiritualworldthatpeoplelivein.Forexample,peopleusedtomakeagreetingwith"Eatit?
",itisobviousthattheancientpeopleregard"eat"or"eatandprepare"asaveryimportantthing."Childrenborntodofullmoonwine,adultmarriageWhentodoaweddingbanquet,longevityandwell-beingtodowhenthebirthdaybanquet,longspeechtobefuneral,andsoon,theChinesepeople'slifeiscloselyrelatedwiththediet."Eat"canbeseenasawayofcommunicatingeachotherandexpressingetiquette."Pan-food"alsohasafullexpressionintheChinesecharacters.Mr.YiZhongtianwroteinthe“GossipChina”:
"Ifpeoplecallit'mouth',thejobiscalled'ricebowls',etc.Anotherexampleisthinkingof'rejection',experienceiscalled'taste',jealousy'jealous'',Happinessiscalled'intoxicated',commonplacecalled'commonplace',easilycalled'sidedishes'visible"foodforthepeople"intheheartsofChinesepeopleandlife,theimportanceofdiet.
IntheeyesofWesterners,"eat"isonlyameansofsurvivalandcommunication.Whattheyarereallyconcernedisthatnutrientsandenergyfoodcanprovide.FromtheAbrahamMaslow'sLawofDemandandtheAmericanEtiquetteCode,bothcanbeseen.Inthelawofdemand,theidentifiedneedsaredividedintofivelevels,wherethedietisatthelowestlevel."theUnitedStatesetiquetteCode"hasbeenthepurposeofthevarioustypesofbanquetsummarizedasfollows:
toprovideservicestoexpresstheirgratitude;ComparedwithChina's"eat",theWesterneatonlystayinthesurvivalofcommunication,didnotgivemorefar-reachingmeanings.
A."Collectivism"to"Individualism"
ChinesepeoplehavebeeninfluencedbyConfucianismandTaoismforthelongtime,theypursuedbenevolenceandloveandhadastrongdesireforaharmonioussociety.Suchadominantgroupofsocialvalues,itmustbe"collectivism."Fromthe"oneisenlightened,Chickensascendedtoheaven"to"Friendship,FellowLove,WorldFriendship,YearFriendship"andsoon,Chinesegroupculturecanbeanywhere.
Inthefeastatthesametime,theChinesepeoplealsoliketositaroundalargeroundtableandtoastfromonetoanother,theyenjoyschattingaroundthetablewithwineandbeer.Whatapleasantsceneis!
However,westernersaremorefocusedonthedevelopmentofpersonalitywhichitemphasizesindividualism.ComparedwithChina,theirdominantvaluesare"individualism".Whentheyhaveameal,eachofthemhaveasmallportionoffood,notthesameastheChinesepeoplerefillthebowlwithchopsticksfromthepublicplates.Andgenerallythewesternerstalkwithpeoplesittingnextinthesmallsound,unlikethefulltableconversationofChinese.Iftheygoouttoeattogether,itisalso“Let’ssplitthebill”.
B."Pomp"to"Freesimple"
"Holdingahousetothrifty,hospitalitytoabundance"isthetraditionalChineseconcept.Inaddition,theChinesepeopletakenoticeofagoodface,treatingguestswillbeconnectedtofaceproblems,sopompisnecessary.Generalformaldinnerhassevenoreightdishes,notincludingtheformerzero-mouthandtheendofthedessertandsoupdrink.Themoredishesandbetterquality,themorehospitalityandidentityownerscanshow.Ofcourse,alotoffoodisnotranout.OneofthemostfamousexamplesisthecollectionoftheManchuandHandietcharacteristicsofthegiantbanquet-Man-HanBanquet.OriginallytheKangxiEmperorheldtheMan-Hanbanquetonhisbirthdayincludingsweet,sour,bitterandspicydishes.Atotalof108canbedescribedasaveryluxurious,super
royalandsupremestyle.TheWesternersdonothavesuchafaceconcept.TheirgrandWesternfeastisusuallyonlysixdishes,butonlytwodishescanbeconsideredasfood,therestisbutafoil.Astheusualdinner,foodismoresimple.IntheUnitedStates,whenfriendsdinnereveryonewillmakecontributionstothedinner,called"Potluck",namely,everyonebringsonedish,sothateveryonecanshare.
Evenintheparty,itisonlytoprovidesomesimplefood,doesnotprovidethemainfood.ThisprovesWesternersdon’tpaymuchattentiontohowrichthefoodis,theyholdpartyordinnertoadjusttheatmosphere,sothatguestsenjoyabettertimeandpromotetheconversation.
Ⅲ.DifferencesinBanquetEtiquette
Duetodifferenthistoryandculture,therearemanydifferencesinthebanquetetiquetteintheWest.Thefollowingwillmainlyexplainthedifferencebetweentableware,attendancetimeandarrangement.AfterunderstandingthedifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWest,itcanhelpthecommunicationofChineseandWesternpartiesatthebanquetincaseofsomeawkwardthingsorfunnyjokes.
A.Tablewaredifferences:
"chopsticks"vs"knifeandfork"
ThemostobviousdifferenceontablewaresisthattheChinesepeoplewithchopsticksandWesternerswithaknifeandfork.Thisisduetotheimpactofdifferentcultures.Chinahaslongbeenaffectedbyfarmingculture,likepeaceandstabilityoflife,againstaggression.Westerncountriesbecauseoftheimpactofhuntingculture,likefeis
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