Linguistics语言学归纳.docx
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Linguistics语言学归纳.docx
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Linguistics语言学归纳
Linguistics
scopeoflinguistics:
(abranchoflinguisticsthat….)
phonetics(语音学):
thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howthey
areproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysical
properties.(studyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)
phonology:
(音位学)thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageform
patternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaningin
linguisticscommunication.
morphology:
(形态学)thestudyofthewordstructureandword
formation.
syntax:
(句法学)isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherules
thatgoverntheformationofsentences.
semantics:
(语义学)thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.
pragmatics:
(语用学)abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontext
oflanguageusetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:
Prescriptive&descriptive1)Prescriptive:
aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeople
actuallyuse
”correct&standard“Descriptive:
aimstolaydownrulesfor
behaviorinusinglanguage.(doctor)
Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的2)
Synchronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime
inhistory.
Diachronic:
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthrough
time.
Langue&parole语言&言语3)
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthe
membersofaspeechcommunity.
Parole:
referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.
Competence&performance语言能力&语言运用4)
Competence:
theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhis
language
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgein
linguisticcommunication.
Designfeaturesoflanguage:
1)arbitrariness:
(任意性)meansthereisnologicalconnection
betweenmeaningsandsounds.
2)Productivity:
itmakespossibletheconstructionand
interpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
3)Duality:
(双重性)dualityofstructureordoublearticulationof
languageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheir
knowledge.
4)Displacement:
languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremoved
fromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制
5)Culturaltransmission文化传播(eg:
狼孩)
oflanguage:
1)Descriptivefunction:
itisthefunctiontoconveyfactual
information,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecases
evenverified.
2)Expressivefunction:
suppliesinformationabouttheuser's
feelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.
3)Socialfunction:
servestoestablishandmaintainsocial
relationsbetweenpeople.
(音素)isaphoneticunitorsegment.Phone:
isaphonologicalunit.ItisaunitthatisofPhoneme:
(音位)unit.abstractdistinctivevalue.Itisan
theminimalunitsofmeaning词素—meaningcarriesinformationaboutthatsmallestTheunitoflanguage
orfunctionFreemorpheme:
amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.
Boundmorpheme:
amorphememustbeattachedtoanotherone.
)themorphemeswhichchangethe衍生词素Derivationalmorphemes:
(categoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Theyareconjoinedtoother
morphemes/words,newwordsarederivedorformed.
标出(-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion,-sive,-er)
Inflectionalmorphemes:
(曲折词素)theyareattachedtowordsor
morphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntactic
category.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing)○标出
:
referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameor
similarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anoun
phaseoraverb.
Non-traditionalcategories:
determiner(Det)限定,degree(Deg),qualifier(Qua)词Phraseelements?
:
specifiers,complements(XPRule),modifiers.
Deepstructure:
formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead's
subcategorizationproperties.没变形陈述句
Surfacestructure
5.Lexicalmeaning:
Sense:
isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,
thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractand
de-contextualized.
Eg:
dog-generalmeaningofdog,features
Reference:
meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,
physicalworld.
Eg;Oneparticular/certaindogexistentinthesituation,knownto
eachother
6.:
itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgeContextsharedbythespeakerandthehearer.(JohnFirth)Speechacttheory:
(JohnAustin)istheactofutteringwords,phrases(言内行为)Locutionaryact:
andclauses.sexpressingthespeaker'isIllocutionaryact:
(言外之意)theactof
intention;itistheactofperformedinsayingsomething.resultingbyorthe:
(言后行为)isactofperformedactPerlocutionary
broughttheconsequenceof,orchangethesayingfromsomething;itis
aboutbytheutterance.Cooperativeprinciple-CP(PaulGrice)Themaximofquantity:
Saynolessthantheconversationrequires.Saynomorethantheconversationrequires.Themaximofquality:
Don'tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Don'tsaythingsforwhichyoulackevidence.Themaximofmanner:
Don'tbeobscure.Don'tbeambiguous.
Bebrief.Beorderly.
Themaximofrelevance:
Berelevant.
7.Languagechange
Additionofnewwords:
1)Coinage:
创新词
Spywaredigitalcameracybercitizenmousepotato
2)Clippedwords:
缩略词
Lab-laboratorygym-gymnasiumfridge-refrigerator
burger-hamburger
3)Blending:
紧缩法
Smog-smoke+fogbrunch-breakfast+lunch
camcorder-camera+recorder
4)Acronyms:
首字母缩略词
CEO-chiefexecutiveofficerIT-informationtechnology
EUVIPB2BCPI
5)Back-formation:
逆构词法
Toedit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciate
6)Functionshift
.Toknee/bug/tape.ahold/reject/retreat
.tocool/narrow/dim/slow
Borrowing7).
Bonustragedyskirteducationcycleprinceguitar
balcony
Balloonoperapumpteatofukowtowsampanzero
Kungfumahjongspaghettibizarregarage
8)Derivation派生词
Fixablerefusalexcitingimpressivedislikerestate
anti-pollutionunfairrealizehappiness
9)Compounds复合词
Bittersweetrainbowspoonfeedsleepwalkinborn
off-license
Undertakewithoutlandladyhandoverwhitewash
语域
Fieldofdiscourse话语范围:
referstowhatisgoingon:
onthearea
ofoperationofthelanguageactivity.
Tenorofdiscourse话语基调:
referstotheroleofrelationshipin
thesituationinquestion:
whotheparticipantsinthecommunication
groupsareandwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.
Modeofdiscourse话语方式:
referstothemeansofcommunication.It
isconcernedwith“how”communicationiscarriedout.
萨丕尔·沃尔夫假说(SWH)hypothesis
Languagefilterspeople'sperceptionangthewaytheycategorize
theirexperiences.
10.LanguageAcquisition
Theoriesofchildlanguageacquisition:
1)Thebehaviorist
Imitationandpracticearepreliminary,anddiscriminationand
generalizationarecrucialtolanguage
development.(habit-forming)
Butitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremorecomplex
grammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.
2)Theinnatist
LanguageAcquisitiondevice(LAD)Chomsky
Itproposedthathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateability.
Itsaidthatthe“theblackbox”containprinciplesthatare
universaltoallhumanlanguage.
UniversalGrammar(UG)
3)Theinteractionist
Itholdsthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplex
interplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandthe
environmentinwhichhegrows.motheresechilddirectedspeech
(CDS)caretakertalk
CriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)EricLenneberg
LADworkssuccessfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattheright
time—aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.
Twoversions:
Strongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirst
languagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfrom
subsequentexposure.
Theweakholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultand
incompleteafterpuberty.
11.SecondLanguageAcquisition
Positivetransfer正迁移facilitate
Negativetransfer负迁移interfereorhinder
Interlanguage中介语
Itwasestablishedaslearners'independentsystemofthesecond
language,whichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecond
language,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhis
nativelanguagetotheotherofthesecondlanguage.
Fossilization石化现象
Itisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrect
linguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaks
orwritesalanguage.
Acquisition习得
Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammatical
rules.
Learning学习
Itreferstoconsciouseffortstolearnthesecondlanguageknowledge
bylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.
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- 关 键 词:
- Linguistics 语言学 归纳