TED英语演讲.pptx
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TED英语演讲.pptx
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PhilosophicalBreakfastClubCharlesBabbageinventedfirstmechanicalcalculator.JohnHerschelmappedstarsinsouthhemisphere.RichardJonesanimportanteconomistWilliamWhewellcreatedthewordsanode,cathodeandionThesefourbrilliant,drivenmenmetatCambridgeUniversityin1812madeanewname“scientist”towhoprofessionalwithaparticularscientificmethod,goals,societyandfunding.IntheCambridgewinterof1812and1813,thefourmetforwhattheycalledphilosophicalbreakfasts.Theytalkedaboutscienceandtheneedforanewscientificrevolution.Itwastimetoarevolutionwhichtheypledgedtobringabout,andwhatssoamazingabouttheseguysis,notonlydidtheyhavethesegrandioseundergraduatedreams,buttheyactuallycarriedthemout,evenbeyondtheirwildestdreams.MAJORCHANGESTOSCIENCE1.anInductiveEvidence-BasedMethod2.ScienceforPublicGood3.NewScientificInstitutions4.ExternalFundingvocalbularyInductivescientificmethod归纳法Differenceengine差分机Iteration,conditionalbranching,parallelprocessing迭代、条件跳转、并行处理Antiquarian,literarymanandthenobility古文物学家、文学家和贵族Flipside另一方面,对立的人Q&AQ1:
Whytheycalledthemselvesphilosophicalbreakfastclub?
A1:
Becausethefourbrilliantmanalwaystalkedabouttheirdreamsandscientificworkswhenbreakfast.Q&AQ2:
Whopaidtheequipmentandsupplies?
Wasthereprizesorfundsexistingforscientistsupto19century?
A2:
Naturalphilosophersthemselvespaidsuppliesandequipment.Thereexistedprizeoccasionally,butwereonlygivenaftertheworksolvedapracticalproblem.LatertheBritishAssociationbegantousetheextramoneygeneratedbytheclubtogivegrantsforresearchinastronomy,thetides,fossilfishandmanyotherareas.Thesegrantsnotonlyallowedlesswealthymentoconductresearch,buttheyalsoencouragedthinkingoutsidethebox,ratherthanjusttryingtosolveonepre-setquestion.Q&AQ3:
Whatstheflipsideoftheirrevolutionthattheclubdidnotforesee?
A3:
Todaythereisahugedisjunctionbetweenscienceandtherestofculture.Fromthefigure,thepercentofadultsthathaveevenaverybasiclevelofscienceliteracyissolow.Scientistsasaprofessionalgroupwereslowlywalledofffromtherestofus.HoweverjustasDarwinsaid,“Isometimesthinkthatgeneralandpopulartreatisesarealmostasimportantfortheprogressofscienceasoriginalwork.”
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