词汇学复习.docx
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词汇学复习.docx
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词汇学复习
1.language?
asystemofsymbolsbasedonphysiology,psychologyand
physics,aspecialsocialactionandacarrierofinformation
usedforcommunicationinasociety
2.linguistics?
scientificstudyoflanguage
3.lexicology?
thestudyofthesignificationandapplicationofwords
4.relationoflanguage,linguisticsandlexicology?
linguisticsstudieslanguage;lexicologyisabranchof
linguisticswhichstudiesthevocabularyoflanguage
5.mainapproachesinstudyinglexicology?
synchronic&diachronic
6.languagesinworld?
about6000
7.languagefamilies?
about300
8.originofE.people.
Angles,SaxonsandJutes
5thC.toEngland,mergedtoE.people
theirdialectsbecomeonelanguage(E.)
9.OldEnglishperiod?
450~1150
10.MiddleEnglishperiod?
1150~1500
11.ModernEnglishperiod?
1500~present
12.meaningoffamily?
languageswithsimilarbasicwordstockandgrammar
13.syntheticlanguage?
theformofawordchangestoshowachanginginmeaningorgrammaticfunction
14.analyticlanguage?
wordformsdonotchange,grammaticalfunctionsareshownbywordorderandtheuseoffunctionalwords
15.characteristicsofE.indifferentperiods?
O.E.:
syntheticlanguage(fullofinflections)
mainlyA.S.words/fewerborrowedwords
(mainlyfromF.G.L.S)
Mi.E.:
leveledinflections(50%A.Swordsstoppedusing)
moreborrowedwordsfromF.andL.andsomefromotherlanguages
changingfromsynthetictoanalytic
Mo.E.:
lostinflection(becominganalytic)
borrowingareaisbroadenedandvocabularyisbecominglargerandlarger
16.E.vocabularylargerandlarger?
territorialexpansion;developmentofscience,tech.and
society;more&easiercommunicationworldwide
17.mainfeaturesofnativewords?
foundation&coreofE.vocabulary
mostlymonosyllabicwords
concerningeverydayobjects/things
concerningmostpartsofspeech
polysemic
goodcollocability
goodword-formationability
18.maingroupsofloan-words?
aliens;denizens;translation-loans;semanticborrowings
19.freeform?
amorphemethatcanoccuraloneasaword
20.boundform?
amorphemethatcannotoccuraloneasaword
21.word?
aminimumfreeform(thesmallestformthatmayoccurinisolationasaword)
22.externalaspectsofword?
sound(symbol),image
23.internalaspectsofword?
meaning(lexical,grammatical)
24.motivation?
therelationshipbetweenthestructureofawordandits
meaning(mostarbitraryorconventional;somemotivated---
phoneticmotivation,grammaticalmotivation,meaning
motivation,originmotivation)
25.classificationofwords?
●accordingtolexicalmeaning+grammaticalfunction:
fullwords,formword
●accordingtotheusage:
popularwords,learnedwords
●accordingtothecharacter:
abstractwords,concretewords
●accordingtomotivation:
motivatedwords,non-motivatedwords
●accordingtonumberofmeaning:
monosemicwords,polysemicwords
●accordingtoorigin:
nativewords,loanwords
26.maintypesofwordmeaning?
lexical,grammatical,contextual,
denotative,connotative,stylistic
27.typesofwordsaccordingtostylisticmeaning?
commonwords,formalwords,informalwords
28.informalwords?
colloquialism,slang,vulgarism,jargon,argot
29.linguisticcontext?
lexicalcontext,grammaticalcontext
30.non-linguisticcontext?
contextsofsituation,contextsofculture,contextsofstyle
31.2typesofsynonyms?
absoluteandrelativesynonyms
32.differencesofrelativesynonyms?
differencesinshadeofmeaning,instylisticmeaning,inemotivemeaning,inrangeofuse,incollocation,inB.EandA.Eusage
33.waystoclassifyantonyms?
morphologically;semantically
34.antonymsbymorphologicalclassification:
rootantonyms;derivativeantonyms
35.antonymsbysemanticalclassification?
contraries,complementaries,conversives
36.processesofsense-shiftinpolesemy?
radiationandconcatenation
37.typesofhomonyms?
perfectandpartialhomonyms
38.kindsofpartialhomonyms?
homographs,homophones,homoforms
39.hyponymy
superordinateandhyponyms:
40.Neologisms?
newlycoinedwordsorwordswithnewmeanings(inrecent40years,especially20years)
41.mainwaysinformingnewwords?
wordformation,addingnewmeaning,borrowing,analogy,contrast,newlycoined
42.obsoletewordsareusednow?
inidioms,shiftinmeaning,aspurelyhistoricalterms,
inpoetry,fictionandoratory,etc
43.maintendenciesinsemanticchangesofwords?
generalization,specialization,amelioration,deterioration
44.2mainlexicalmeaningsofwordsaccordingtousage?
literalmeaning;figurativemeaning
45.3typesofmetaphors?
anthropomorphic,animal,synaesthetic
46.root?
thebasicpartofawordwithoutanyaffix
47.stem?
thepartofawordwithoutinflectionalaffix
48.3typesofwords?
simple,compound,complex
49.mainwaysinword-formation?
affixation,conversion,compounding
50.minorwaysinword-formation?
clipping,acronyms,blending,back-formation,analogy,onomatopoeia
51.mainfeaturesofE.idioms?
compositeness,semanticunity,structuralstability
52.stylesofE.idioms?
mostincolloquialsituation
greatmanyinanysituation
someinformalsituation
someinslang
53.mainclassesofidioms?
pairsofwords
idiomsverbalinnature
idiomsnominalinnature
idiomsadjectivalinnature
idiomsadverbialinnature
proverbs
54.classificationofproverbs?
ellipticalsentence
simplesentence
imperativesentence
compoundsentence
complexsentence
typicalconversation
55.demotivedidioms?
meaningofanidiomhasnothingtodowiththemeaningsofitscomponentswhichhavelosttheirownmeaningsintheidiom
56.motivedidioms?
themeaningofanidiomisdeducedfromthemeaningsofitscomponents,usuallyfigurative
57.mainwaysintransformationofidioms?
replacement,additions,permutation,deletion
58.sourcesofEnglishIdioms?
fromlifeexperience,fromBible,
fromfables(myths,stories),
fromShakespeare’splays
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