最新英语语言学名词.docx
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最新英语语言学名词.docx
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最新英语语言学名词
现代语言学
一绪论
1Linguisitics:
语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage
2Phonetics:
语音学Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变
3Phonology:
音韵学Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.
4Morphology:
形态学Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5Syntax:
句法学Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Forexample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”
6Semantics:
语义学Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample:
“Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.同义词、反义词,同音词
7Pragmatics:
语用学Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.在特定情景中的特定话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。
8Sociolinguistics:
社会语言Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample:
regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.方言,
9Psycholinguistics:
语言心理Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
二音系学
1Phonetics:
语音学Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
2Phonology:
音韵Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.
3Phone:
语音Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.
4Phoneme:
音素;音位Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
5Allophone:
音位变体Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
6Complementarydistribution:
互补分布,语言学专业名词。
当两个语言成分(辅音、元音、词素等)不能在同一个环境中出现,即可形成语言互补分布。
Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
7Minimalpair:
最小对,在一种语言中,在某一方面差异最小的一组成分Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
8Stress:
重读Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableispronouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.
9tones:
声调Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.
10Intonation:
语调Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish
三形态学
1morphology:
形态学Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2inflectionalmorphology:
曲折形态学Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.
3derivationalmorphology:
派生形态学Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.
4morpheme:
Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
5freemorpheme:
自由语素Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.
6boundmorpheme:
黏着词素Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.
7root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.
8affix:
词缀Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational.
9prefix:
前缀Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.
10suffix:
后缀Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
11derivation:
派生Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.
12compounding:
复合词Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.
四句法学
1linguisticcompetence:
Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinling
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