《英国文学选读》 Unit 4.docx
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《英国文学选读》 Unit 4.docx
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《英国文学选读》Unit4
Unit4 JohnMilton
Truthiscompared...toastreamingfountain;ifherwatersflownotinaperpetualprogression,theysickenintiamuddypoolorconformityandtradition.
----JohnMilton
1.作者简介
约翰·弥尔顿(JohnMilton,1608-1674),诗人。
弥尔顿的一生和创作大约可分为三个时期:
他16岁时入剑桥大学,并开始用拉丁文和英文写诗;1638-39年间,他前往欧洲旅行,并同当时被囚禁的伽利略见过面。
这一时期的主要作品是一些短诗,比较优秀的有《利西达斯》(Lycidas,1637)等。
1639年,英国革命即将爆发,他返回英国。
随后的20多年中,他积极投身英国革命,发表了大量的散文和政论文,为英国革命和共和政府奔走呼吁,其中比较著名的有《为英国人民声辩》(Areopagitica,1650)等。
1652年时他双目逐渐失明。
1660年王政复辟,弥尔顿被捕入狱,但很快被释放,从此开始了他第三时期的创作,先后完成了最著名的以圣经故事为题材的三部长篇诗作《失乐园》(ParadiseLost,1667)、《复乐园》(ParadiseRegained,1671)和《力士参孙》(SamsonAgonistes,1671)。
评论家认为,弥尔顿的作品同时体现了欧洲两股最重要的文学传统:
以荷马和维吉尔史诗为代表的古希腊罗马文学和文艺复兴文学,特别是他的最后一部作品《力士参孙》,描写了主人公在失明后思想、精神上的升华,则在一定程度上映照了弥尔顿自己的一生。
2.作品提要
《失乐园》提要
《失乐园》是一部气势恢弘的史诗式作品。
全诗由12部诗篇组成,讲述了基督教《圣经》中撒旦化身为蛇,引诱亚当夏娃(人类的始祖)违背上帝意旨,最后失去上帝的恩宠,被逐出天堂乐园的故事。
第1部:
全诗总纲,讲述了整个事件的起因和结果;第2部:
撒旦与众叛逆天使讨论如何同上帝作战,夺取天堂;第3部:
讲述上帝决定如何赐予人类恩惠;第4部:
描述撒旦在天堂见到亚当夏娃,撒旦在夏娃的梦中施展引诱;第5部:
天使警告亚当要当心恶魔的引诱;第6部:
描绘天使与撒旦一伙的战斗;第7部:
亚当向天使询问有关创世的许多问题,并一一得到回答;第8部:
他接着又询问天体运行的问题,但对所得到的回答并不满意;第9部:
撒旦化身为蛇,躺在伊甸园里,并指引亚当和夏娃摘食禁果;第10部:
上帝因此震怒,亚当也后悔不已;第11部:
圣子代表上帝宣布将亚当夏娃逐出天堂,并向他们指点未来;第12部:
天使向他们叙述拯救之路,亚当夏娃终于离开天堂,失去了乐园。
3.作品选读
ParadiseLost
(ExcerptfromBook1)
Ninetimesthespacethatmeasuresdayandnight50
Tomortalmen,hewithhishorridcrew
Layvanquished,rollinginthefierygulf
Confoundedthoughimmortal:
Buthisdoom
Reservedhimtomorewrath;fornowthethought
Bothoflosthappinessandlastingpain55
Tormentshim;roundhethrowshisbalefuleyes
Thatwitnessedhugeafflictionanddismay
Mixedwithobdurateprideandsteadfasthate:
Atonceasfarasangelskenheviews
Thedismalsituationwasteandwild,60
Adungeonhorrible,onallsidesround
Asonegreatfurnaceflamed,yetfromthoseflames
Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible
Servedonlytodiscoversightsofwoe,
Regionsofsorrow,dolefulshades,wherepeace65
Andrestcanneverdwell,hopenevercomes
Thatcomestoall;buttorturewithoutend
Stillurges,andafierydeluge,fed
Withever-burningsulphurunconsumed:
SuchplaceEternalJusticehadprepared70
Forthoserebellious,heretheirprisonordained
Inutterdarkness,andtheirportionset
AsfarremovedfromGodandlightofHeaven
AsfromtheCenterthricetoth'utmostpole.
Ohowunliketheplacefromwhencetheyfell!
75
Therethecompanionsofhisfall,o’erwhelmed
Withfloodsandwhirlwindsoftempestuousfire,
Hesoondiscerns,andwelteringbyhisside
Onenexthimselfinpower,andnextincrime,
LongafterknowninPalestine,andnamed80
Beelzebub.Towhomth'arch-enemy,
AndthenceinHeavencalledSatan,withboldwords
Breakingthehorridsilencethusbegan.
“Ifthoubeesthe—butOhowfallen!
howchanged
Fromhim,whointhehappyrealmsoflight85
Clothedwithtranscendentbrightnessdidstoutshine
Myriads,thoughbright:
!
Ifhewhommutualleague,
Unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhope,
Andhazardinthegloriousenterprise,
Joinedwithmeonce,nowmiseryhathjoined90
Inequalruin:
intowhatpitthouseest
Fromwhatheightfallen,somuchthestrongerproved
Hewithhisthunder:
andtillthenwhoknew
Theforceofthosedirearms?
Yetnotforthose
Norwhatthepotentvictorinhisrage95
CanelseinflictdoIrepentorchange,
Thoughchangedinoutwardluster;thatfixedmind
Andhighdisdain,fromsenseofinjuredmerit,
Thatwiththemightiestraisedmetocontend,
Andtothefiercecontentionbroughtalong100
Innumerableforceofspiritsarmed
Thatdurstdislikehisreign,andmepreferring,
Hisutmostpowerwithadversepoweropposed
IndubiousbattleontheplainsofHeaven,
Andshookhisthrone.Whatthoughthefieldbelost?
105
Allisnotlost;theunconquerablewill,
Andstudyofrevenge,immortalhate,
Andcouragenevertosubmitoryield:
Andwhatiselsenottobeovercome?
Thatglorynevershallhiswrathormight
Extortfromme.Tobowandsueforgrace
Withsuppliantknee,anddeifyhispower
Whofromtheterrorofthisarmsolate
Doubtedhisempire—thatwerelowindeed;
Thatwereanignominyandshamebeneath115
Thisdownfall;sincebyfatethestrengthofgods
Andthisempyrealsubstancecannotfail,
Sincethroughexperienceofthisgreatevent
Inarmsnotworse,inforesightmuchadvanced,
Wemaywithmoresuccessfulhoperesolve120
Towagebyforceorguileeternalwar
Irreconcilable,toourgrandFoe,
Whonowtriumphs,andinth'excessofjoy
SolereigningholdsthetyrannyofHeaven.”
Sospaketh'apostateangel,thoughinpain,125
Vauntingaloud,butrackedwithdeepdespair:
Andhimthusansweredsoonhisboldcompeer.
“Oprince,Ochiefofmanythronedpowers,
Thatledth'embattledseraphimtowar
Underthyconduct,andindreadfuldeeds130
Fearless,endangeredHeavensperpetualKing;
Andputtoproofhishighsupremacy,
Whetherupheldbystrength,orchance,orfate,
ToowellIseeandruethedireevent,
Thatwithsadoverthrowandfouldefeat135
HathlostusHeaven,andallthismightyHost
Inhorribledestructionlaidthuslow,
Asfarasgodsandheavenlyessences
Canperish:
forthemindandspiritremains
Invincible,andvigorsoonreturns,140
Thoughallourgloryextinct,andhappystate
Hereswallowedupinendlessmisery.
ButwhatifheourConqueror,(whomInow
Offorcebelievealmighty,sincenoless
Thensuchcouldhaveo’repoweredsuchforceasours)145
Haveleftusthisourspiritandstrengthentire
Stronglytosufferandsupportourpains,
Thatwemaysosufficehisvengefulire,
Ordohimmightierserviceashisthralls
Byrightofwar,whate'rehisbusinessbe150
HereintheheartofHelltoworkinfire,
Ordohiserrandsinthegloomydeep;
Whatcanitthenavailthoughyetwefeel
Strengthundiminished,oreternalbeing
Toundergoeternalpunishment?
”155
Wheretowithspeedywordsth'arch-fiendreplied:
“Fall'ncherub,tobeweakismiserable
DoingorSuffering:
butofthisbesure,
Todoaughtgoodneverwillbeourtask,
Butevertodoilloursoledelight,160
Asbeingthecontrarytohishighwill
Whomweresist.Ifthenhisprovidence
Outofourevilseektobringforthgood,
Ourlabormustbetopervertthatend,
Andoutofgoodstilltofindmeansofevil;165
Whichofttimesmaysucceed,soasperhaps
Shallgrievehim,ifIfailnot,anddisturb
Hisinmostcounselsfromtheirdestinedaim.
ButseetheangryVictorhathrecalled
Hisministersofvengeanceandpursuit170
BacktothegatesofHeaven:
Thesulphuroushail
Shotafterusinstorm,o’reblownhathlaid
Thefierysurge,thatfromtheprecipice
OfHeavenreceivedusfalling,andthethunder,
Wingedwithredlightningandimpetuousrage,175
Perhapshathspenthisshafts,andceasesnow
Tobellowthroughthevastandboundlessdeep.
Letusnotslipth'occasion,whetherscorn,
OrsatiatefuryyielditfromourFoe.
Seestthouyondrearyplain,forlornandwild,180
Theseatofdesolation,voidoflight,
Savewhattheglimmeringoftheselividflames
Castspaleanddreadful?
Thitherletustend
Fromoffthetossingofthesefierywaves,
Thererest,ifanyrestcanharborthere,185
Andreassemblingourafflictedpowers,
Consulthowwemayhenceforthmostoffend
Ourenemy,ourownlosshowrepair,
Howovercomethisdirecalamity,
Whatreinforcementwemaygainfromhope,190
Ifnot,whatresolutionfromdespair.”
(1667)
4.在线课堂
5.作品赏析
《失乐园》赏析
选篇出自《失乐园》第一部,被打败的叛逆天使向撒旦求助,撒旦表示自己与上帝势不两立、要从上帝手中夺取天堂的决意。
在这一部分里,诗人以宏伟生动的语言,重新刻画了基督教《圣经》中的撒旦形象,他心气高傲,不怕权威,不惧失败,永不服输,一直都具有昂扬的斗争意志,同时还具有很大的颠覆性,这使他的叛逆精神具有了明显的史诗性和英雄主义特点,也具有古典英雄史诗中超人般主人公的品质。
《失乐园》中的撒旦形象,一直被认为是世界文学中刻画最成功的人物形象之一。
另外,选段中描绘地狱时所用的语言和意象,将这一惨烈之地栩栩如生地托在读者眼前,同时也在相当程度上增加了诗篇叙述的恢弘气质。
6.相关评论
MiltonandtheTheoryofAccommodation(Excerpts)
MiltonandtheTheoryofAccommodation(Excerpts)
NeilD.Graves
HOWcanfinitemanunderstandaninfiniteGod?
HowcananinfiniteGodbecommunicated?
ThesequestionsaddressoneofthemostfundamentalproblemsinChristiantheology,aswellasoneofthecentralideasoftheRenaissance.Throughouthistorytheologianshavestruggledtocomprehendadeitywhoisapriorigreaterthanhumanunderstanding,andartistsandwritershavebeenatalosstodepicthim.ThefocusoftheirattentionhasinevitablybeenaclosescrutinyofthescripturalaccountofGod--astudywhichengagestwoseminalaspectsoftheBibleastextualdocumentanddepositoryofreligious"truth."YettheinformationconcerningGodintheBiblemerelyseemstocomplicatetheproblem.OntheonehandtheScripturesdescribeanomniscient,omnipotent,andomnipresentdeity,aspirit,indeedabeingwhoisalltoooftendescribedvianegativaintermstheoppositeofwhichdefinehumanity--immutable,impassible,immaterial,immortal.Ontheotherhand,andsimultaneously,theBibledepictsGodassittingonathrone,raisinghisrighthand,andstrikingdownhisenemies;hefeelsangerandregret,loveandpityandisknownnotonlyasdivinecreator,butalsoasfather.
ThetheoryofaccommodationisthetraditionaltheologicalsolutiontotheseincongruitiesandisanattempttoexplainthedifferencebetweenthenatureofGodandthetextualimagesormentalconceptionsofhim.ItfunctionsbyexpressingtheincomprehensibilityofGodintermswhich"accommodate"Godtohumanunderstanding.Accordingly,itpresupposesthatlanguagecannotadequatelydescribeGod,whileyetauthorizingtheattempttodepicthim,consciousthattheresultingimageisnotatruerepresentationofthedeity.Accommodationisthusbothamethodofwritingandanhermeneuticprinciple.ThescripturalaccountofGodwearingacrownisane
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