英语法案balance and check.docx
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英语法案balance and check.docx
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英语法案balanceandcheck
Balanceandcheck
Marburyv.Madison
TheElectionof1800
DuringtheElectionof1800,therewasanintensegrowthofpartisanpolitics,thepoliticalpartyoftheexecutivebranchofgovernmentchangedforthefirsttime,andtherewasanunprecedentedpeacefultransitionofthepoliticalorientationofthecountry’sleadership.Themainissuesinthiselectionweretaxes,themilitary,peacenegotiationswithFrance,andtheAlienandSeditionActsandVirginiaandKentuckyResolutions.[5]ThecampaignleadinguptothiselectionandtheelectionitselfrevealedsharpdivisionswithintheFederalistParty.AlexanderHamiltonandtheextremeFederalistsattackedAdamsforhispersistenceforpeacewithFrance,hisoppositiontobuildinganarmy,andhisfailuretoenforcetheAlien&SeditionActs.
TheresultsofthiselectionfavoredThomasJeffersonandAaronBurroverJohnAdams,butbothJeffersonandBurrgot73electoralvotes.Presentedwithatie,theHouseofRepresentatives,whichwasdominatedbyFederalistsandledbyAlexanderHamilton,eventuallydecidedtheelectioninfavorofThomasJefferson.Democratic-Republicansalsowoncontrolofthelegislativebranchofgovernmentafterthecongressionalelections.
ThomasJeffersonwasinauguratedMarch4,1801withoutthepresenceofPresidentJohnAdams.Jefferson'sinauguraladdressattemptedtoappeasetheFederalistsbypromisingtomaintainthestrengthofthefederalgovernmentandtopayoffthenationaldebt.[6]Jeffersonspokeofdangerous“entanglingalliances”withforeigncountriesasGeorgeWashingtondid,andmadeapleafornationalunityclaimingthat“weareallrepublicansandweareallfederalists.”Onceelected,JeffersonsetouttorescindtheJudiciaryActof1801andremovenewlyappointedFederalists.
MidnightJudgesAct
TheMidnightJudgesAct(alsoknownastheJudiciaryActof1801;2Stat.89,ortheMidnightAppointments)representedanefforttosolveanissueintheU.S.SupremeCourtduringtheearly19thcentury.Therewasconcern,beginningin1789,aboutthesystemthatrequiredtheJusticesoftheSupremeCourtto“ridecircuit”andreiteratedecisionsmadeintheappellatelevelcourts.TheSupremeCourtJusticeshadoftenvoicedconcernandsuggestedthatthejudgesoftheSupremeandcircuitcourtsbedivided.
Howthestorybegin.
ThiscontroversialcasebeganwithAdams’appointmentofFederalistWilliamMarburyasaJusticeofthePeaceintheDistrictofColumbia.WhenthenewlyappointedSecretaryofStateJamesMadisonrefusedtoprocessMarbury’sselection,Marburyrequestedawritofmandamus,whichwouldforceMadisontomakehisappointmentofficial
U.S.SupremeCourt
MARBURYv.MADISON,5U.S.137(1803)
5U.S.137(Cranch)
WILLIAMMARBURY
v.
JAMESMADISON,SecretaryofStateoftheUnitedStates.
FebruaryTerm,1803
ATtheDecemberterm1801,WilliamMarbury,DennisRamsay,RobertTownsendHooe,andWilliamHarper,bytheircounsel[5U.S.137,138]severallymovedthecourtforaruletoJamesMadison,secretaryofstateoftheUnitedStates,toshowcausewhyamandamusshouldnotissuecommandinghimtocausetobedeliveredtothemrespectivelytheirseveralcommissionsasjusticesofthepeaceinthedistrictofColumbia.
Thismotionwassupportedbyaffidavitsofthefollowingfacts:
thatnoticeofthismotionhadbeengiventoMr.Madison;thatMr.Adams,thelatepresidentoftheUnitedStates,nominatedtheapplicantstothesenatefortheiradviceandconsenttobeappointedjusticesofthepeaceofthedistrictofColumbia;thatthesenateadvisedandconsentedtotheappointments;thatcommissionsindueformweresignedbythesaidpresidentappointingthemjustices,&c.andthatthesealoftheUnitedStateswasindueformaffixedtothesaidcommissionsbythesecretaryofstate;thattheapplicantshaverequestedMr.Madisontodeliverthemtheirsaidcommissions,whohasnotcompliedwiththatrequest;andthattheirsaidcommissionsarewithheldfromthem;thattheapplicantshavemadeapplicationtoMr.MadisonassecretaryofstateoftheUnitedStatesathisoffice,forinformationwhetherthecommissionsweresignedandsealedasaforesaid;thatexplicitandsatisfactoryinformationhasnotbeengiveninanswertothatinquiry,eitherbythesecretaryofstate,oranyofficerinthedepartmentofstate;thatapplicationhasbeenmadetothesecretaryofthesenateforacertificateofthenominationoftheapplicants,andoftheadviceandconsentofthesenate,whohasdeclinedgivingsuchacertificate;whereuponarulewasmadetoshowcauseonthefourthdayofthisterm.Thisrulehavingbeendulyserved--[5U.S.137,139]Mr.JacobWagnerandMr.DanielBrent,whohadbeensummonedtoattendthecourt,andwererequiredtogiveevidence,objectedtobesworn,allegingthattheywereclerksinthedepartmentofstate,andnotboundtodiscloseanyfactsrelatingtothebusinessortransactionsoftheoffice.
Thecourtorderedthewitnessestobesworn,andtheiranswerstakeninwriting;butinformedthemthatwhenthequestionswereaskedtheymightstatetheirobjectionstoansweringeachparticularquestion,iftheyhadany.
Mr.Lincoln,whohadbeentheactingsecretaryofstate,whenthecircumstancesstatedintheaffidavitsoccurred,wascalledupontogivetestimony.Heobjectedtoanswering.Thequestionswereputinwriting.
Thecourtsaidtherewasnothingconfidentialrequiredtobedisclosed.Iftherehadbeen,hewasnotobligedtoanswerit,andifhethoughtanythingwascommunicatedtohimconfidentiallyhewasnotboundtodisclose,norwasheobligedtostateanythingwhichwouldcriminatehimself.
Thequestionsarguedbythecounselfortherelatorswere,1.Whetherthesupremecourtcanawardthewritofmandamusinanycase.2.Whetheritwilllietoasecretaryofstate,inanycasewhatever.3.WhetherinthepresentcasethecourtmayawardamandamustoJamesMadison,secretaryofstate.
[5U.S.137,153]
Mr.ChiefJusticeMARSHALLdeliveredtheopinionofthecourt.
Atthelastterm,ontheaffidavitsthenreadandfiledwiththeclerk,arulewasgrantedinthiscase,requiringthesecretaryofstatetoshowcausewhyamandamus[5U.S.137,154]shouldnotissue,directinghimtodelivertoWilliamMarburyhiscommissionasajusticeofthepeaceforthecountyofWashington,inthedistrictofColumbia.
Nocausehasbeenshown,andthepresentmotionisforamandamus.Thepeculiardelicacyofthiscase,thenoveltyofsomeofitscircumstances,andtherealdifficultyattendingthepointswhichoccurinit,requireacompleteexpositionoftheprinciplesonwhichtheopiniontobegivenbythecourtisfounded.
Theseprincipleshavebeen,onthesideoftheapplicant,veryablyarguedatthebar.Inrenderingtheopinionofthecourt,therewillbesomedepartureinform,thoughnotinsubstance,fromthepointsstatedinthatargument.
Intheorderinwhichthecourthasviewedthissubject,thefollowingquestionshavebeenconsideredanddecided.
1.Hastheapplicantarighttothecommissionhedemands?
2.Ifhehasaright,andthatrighthasbeenviolated,dothelawsofhiscountryaffordhimaremedy?
3.Iftheydoaffordhimaremedy,isitamandamusissuingfromthiscourt?
Thefirstobjectofinquiryis,
1.Hastheapplicantarighttothecommissionhedemands?
HisrightoriginatesinanactofcongresspassedinFebruary1801,concerningthedistrictofColumbia.
Afterdividingthedistrictintotwocounties,theeleventhsectionofthislawenacts,'thatthereshallbeappointedinandforeachofthesaidcounties,suchnumberofdiscreetpersonstobejusticesofthepeaceasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesshall,fromtimetotime,thinkexpedient,tocontinueinofficeforfiveyears.[5U.S.137,155]Itappearsfromtheaffidavits,thatincompliancewiththislaw,acommissionforWilliamMarburyasajusticeofpeaceforthecountyofWashingtonwassignedbyJohnAdams,thenpresidentoftheUnitedStates;afterwhichthesealoftheUnitedStateswasaffixedtoit;butthecommissionhasneverreachedthepersonforwhomitwasmadeout.
Inordertodeterminewhetherheisentitledtothiscommission,itbecomesnecessarytoinquirewhetherhehasbeenappointedtotheoffice.Forifhehasbeenappointed,thelawcontinueshiminofficeforfiveyears,andheisentitledtothepossessionofthoseevidencesofoffice,which,beingcompleted,becamehisproperty.
Thesecondsectionofthesecondarticleoftheconstitutiondeclares,'thepresidentshallnominate,and,byandwiththeadviceandconsentofthesenate,shallappointambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls,andallotherofficersoftheUnitedStates,whoseappointmentsarenototherwiseprovidedfor.'
Thethirdsectiondeclares,that'heshallcommissionalltheofficersoftheUnitedStates.'
AnactofcongressdirectsthesecretaryofstatetokeepthesealoftheUnitedStates,'tomakeoutandrecord,andaffixthesaidsealtoallcivilcommissionstoofficersoftheUnitedStatestobeappointedbythepresident,byandwiththeconsentofthesenate,orbythepresidentalone;providedthatthesaidsealshallnotbeaffixedtoanycommissionbeforethesameshallhavebeensignedbythepresidentoftheUnitedStates.'
ThesearetheclausesoftheconstitutionandlawsoftheUnitedStates,whichaffectthispartofthecase.Theyseemtocontemplatethreedistinctoperations:
1.Thenomination.Thisisthesoleactofthepresident,andiscompletelyvoluntary.
2.Theappointment.Thisisalsotheactofthepresident,andisalsoavoluntaryact,thoughitcanonlybeperformedbyandwiththeadviceandconsentofthesenate.[5U.S.137,
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