对于海权的认识英文.docx
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对于海权的认识英文.docx
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对于海权的认识英文
ONSEAPOWER
ThehistoryofSeaPowerislargely,thoughbynomeanssolely,a
narrativeofcontestsbetweennations,ofmutualrivalries,of
violencefrequentlyculminatinginwar.Theprofoundinfluenceofsea
commerceuponthewealthandstrengthofcountrieswasclearlyseen
longbeforethetrueprincipleswhichgoverneditsgrowthand
prosperityweredetected.Tosecuretoone'sownpeoplea
disproportionateshareofsuchbenefits,everyeffortwasmadeto
excludeothers,eitherbythepeacefullegislativemethodsofmonopoly
orprohibitoryregulations,or,whenthesefailed,bydirectviolence.
Theclashofinterests,theangryfeelingsrousedbyconflicting
attemptsthustoappropriatethelargershare,ifnotthewhole,of
theadvantagesofcommerce,andofdistantunsettledcommercial
regions,ledtowars.Ontheotherhand,warsarisingfromother
causeshavebeengreatlymodifiedintheirconductandissuebythe
controlofthesea.Thereforethehistoryofseapower,while
embracinginitsbroadsweepallthattendstomakeapeoplegreat
upontheseaorbythesea,islargelyamilitaryhistory;anditis
inthisaspectthatitwillbemainly,thoughnotexclusively,
regardedinthefollowingpages.
Astudyofthemilitaryhistoryofthepast,suchasthis,isenjoined
bygreatmilitaryleadersasessentialtocorrectideasandtothe
skilfulconductofwarinthefuture.Napoleonnamesamongthe
campaignstobestudiedbytheaspiringsoldier,thoseofAlexander,
Hannibal,andCaesar,towhomgunpowderwasunknown;andthereisa
substantialagreementamongprofessionalwritersthat,whilemanyof
theconditionsofwarvaryfromagetoagewiththeprogressof
weapons,therearecertainteachingsintheschoolofhistorywhich
remainconstant,andbeing,therefore,ofuniversalapplication,can
beelevatedtotherankofgeneralprinciples.Forthesamereasonthe
studyoftheseahistoryofthepastwillbefoundinstructive,byits
illustrationofthegeneralprinciplesofmaritimewar,
notwithstandingthegreatchangesthathavebeenbroughtaboutin
navalweaponsbythescientificadvancesofthepasthalfcentury,and
bytheintroductionofsteamasthemotivepower.
Itisdoublynecessarythustostudycriticallythehistoryand
experienceofnavalwarfareinthedaysofsailing-ships,because
whilethesewillbefoundtoaffordlessonsofpresentapplicationand
value,steamnavieshaveasyetmadenohistorywhichcanbequotedas
decisiveinitsteaching.Oftheonewehavemuchexperimental
knowledge;oftheother,practicallynone.Hencetheoriesaboutthe
navalwarfareofthefuturearealmostwhollypresumptive;and
althoughtheattempthasbeenmadetogivethemamoresolidbasisby
dwellingupontheresemblancebetweenfleetsofsteamshipsandfleets
ofgalleysmovedbyoars,whichhavealongandwell-knownhistory,it
willbewellnottobecarriedawaybythisanalogyuntilithasbeen
thoroughlytested.Theresemblanceisindeedfarfromsuperficial.The
featurewhichthesteamerandthegalleyhaveincommonistheability
tomoveinanydirectionindependentofthewind.Suchapowermakesa
radicaldistinctionbetweenthoseclassesofvesselsandthe
sailing-ship;forthelattercanfollowonlyalimitednumberof
courseswhenthewindblows,andmustremainmotionlesswhenitfails.
Butwhileitiswisetoobservethingsthatarealike,itisalsowise
tolookforthingsthatdiffer;forwhentheimaginationiscarried
awaybythedetectionofpointsofresemblance,--oneofthemost
pleasingofmentalpursuits,--itisapttobeimpatientofany
divergenceinitsnew-foundparallels,andsomayoverlookorrefuse
torecognizesuch.Thusthegalleyandthesteamshiphaveincommon,
thoughunequallydeveloped,theimportantcharacteristicmentioned,
butinatleasttwopointstheydiffer;andinanappealtothe
historyofthegalleyforlessonsastofightingsteamships,the
differencesaswellasthelikenessmustbekeptsteadilyinview,or
falsedeductionsmaybemade.Themotivepowerofthegalleywhenin
usenecessarilyandrapidlydeclined,becausehumanstrengthcouldnot
longmaintainsuchexhaustingefforts,andconsequentlytactical
movementscouldcontinuebutforalimitedtime
(1);andagain,during
thegalleyperiodoffensiveweaponswerenotonlyofshortrange,but
werealmostwhollyconfinedtohand-to-handencounter.Thesetwo
conditionsledalmostnecessarilytoarushuponeachother,not,
however,withoutsomedexterousattemptstoturnordoubleonthe
enemy,followedbyahand-to-handmelee.Insucharushandsucha
meleeagreatconsensusofrespectable,eveneminent,navalopinionof
thepresentdayfindsthenecessaryoutcomeofmodernnavalweapons,--
akindofDonnybrookFair,inwhich,asthehistoryofmeleesshows,
itwillbehardtoknowfriendfromfoe.Whatevermayprovetobethe
worthofthisopinion,itcannotclaimanhistoricalbasisinthesole
factthatgalleyandsteamshipcanmoveatanymomentdirectlyupon
theenemy,andcarryabeakupontheirprow,regardlessofthepoints
inwhichgalleyandsteamshipdiffer.Asyetthisopinionisonlya
presumption,uponwhichfinaljudgmentmaywellbedeferreduntilthe
trialofbattlehasgivenfurtherlight.Untilthattimethereisroom
fortheoppositeview,--thatameleebetweennumericallyequal
fleets,inwhichskillisreducedtoaminimum,isnotthebestthat
canbedonewiththeelaborateandmightyweaponsofthisage.The
surerofhimselfanadmiralis,thefinerthetacticaldevelopmentof
hisfleet,thebetterhiscaptains,themorereluctantmusthe
necessarilybetoenterintoameleewithequalforces,inwhichall
theseadvantageswillbethrownaway,chancereignsupreme,andhis
fleetheplacedontermsofequalitywithanassemblageofshipswhich
haveneverbeforeactedtogether.
(2)Historyhaslessonsastowhen
meleesare,orarenot,inorder.
Thegalley,then,hasonestrikingresemblancetothesteamer,but
differsinotherimportantfeatureswhicharenotsoimmediately
apparentandarethereforelessaccountedof.Inthesailing-ship,on
thecontrary,thestrikingfeatureisthedifferencebetweenitand
themoremodernvessel;thepointsofresemblance,thoughexistingand
easytofind,arenotsoobvious,andthereforearelessheeded.This
impressionisenhancedbythesenseofutterweaknessinthe
sailing-shipascomparedwiththesteamer,owingtoitsdependence
uponthewind;forgettingthat,astheformerfoughtwithitsequals,
thetacticallessonsarevalid.Thegalleywasneverreducedto
impotencebyacalm,andhencereceivesmorerespectinourdaythan
thesailing-ship;yetthelatterdisplaceditandremainedsupreme
untiltheutilizationofsteam.Thepowerstoinjureanenemyfroma
greatdistance,tomanoeuvreforanunlimitedlengthoftimewithout
wearingoutthemen,todevotethegreaterpartofthecrewtothe
offensiveweaponsinsteadoftotheoar,arecommontothesailing
vesselandthesteamer,andareatleastasimportant,tactically
considered,asthepowerofthegalleytomoveinacalmoragainst
thewind.
-----
1.ThusHermocratesofSyracuse,advocatingthepolicyofthwarting
theAthenianexpeditionagainsthiscity(B.C.413)bygoingboldlyto
meetit,andkeepingontheflankofitslineofadvance,said:
"As
theiradvancemustbeslow,weshallhaveathousandopportunitiesto
attackthem;butiftheycleartheirshipsforactionandinabody
beardownexpeditiouslyuponus,theymustplyhardattheiroars,and
whenspentwithtoilwecanfalluponthem."
2.Thewritermustguardhimselffromappearingtoadvocateelaborate
tacticalmovementsissuinginbarrendemonstrations.Hebelievesthat
afleetseekingadecisiveresultmustclosewithitsenemy,butnot
untilsomeadvantagehasbeenobtainedforthecollision,whichwill
usuallybegainedbymanoeuvring,andwillfalltothebestdrilled
andmanagedfleet.Intruth,barrenresultshaveasoftenfollowed
uponheadlong,closeencountersasuponthemosttimidtactical
trifling.
-----
Intracingresemblancesthereisatendencynotonlytooverlook
pointsofdifference,buttoexaggeratepointsoflikeness,--tobe
fanciful.Itmaybesoconsideredtopointoutthatasthe
sailing-shiphadgunsoflongrange,withcomparativelygreat
penetrativepower,andcarronades,whichwereofshorterrangebut
greatsmashingeffect,sothemodernsteamerhasitsbatteriesof
long-rangegunsandoftorpedoes,thelatterbeingeffectiveonly
withinalimiteddistanceandtheninjuringbysmashing,whilethe
gun,asofold,aimsatpenetration.Yetthesearedistinctlytactical
considerationswhichmustaffecttheplansofadmiralsandcaptains;
andtheanalogyisreal,notforced.Soalsoboththesailing-shipand
thesteamercontemplatedirectcontactwithanenemy'svessel,--the
formertocarryherbyboarding,thelattertosinkherbyramming;
andtoboththisisthemostdifficultoftheirtasks,fortoeffect
ittheshipmustbecarriedtoasinglepointofthefieldofaction,
whereasprojectileweaponsmaybeusedfrommanypointsofawide
area.
Therelativepositionsoftwosailing-ships,orfleets,withreference
tothedirectionofthewindinvolvedmostimportanttactical
questions,andwereperhapsthechiefcareoftheseamenofthatage.
Toasuperficialglanceitmayappearthatsincethishasbecomea
matterofsuchindifferencetothesteamer,noanalogiestoitareto
befoundinpresentconditions,andthelessonsofhistoryinthis
respectarevalueless.Amorecarefulconsiderationofthe
distinguishingcharacteristicsoftheleeandtheweather"gage,"(3)
directedtotheiressentialfeatur
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