语言学名词解释.docx
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语言学名词解释.docx
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语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释
Chapter1:
Introduction
1.Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
8.langue:
Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
9.parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
10.competence:
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
11.performance:
Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
12.language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
13.designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
14.arbitrariness:
Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.
15.productivity:
Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.
16.duality:
Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning.
17.displacement:
Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace.
18.culturaltransmission:
Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinct.
Chapter2:
Phonology
1.phonicmedium:
Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.
2.phonetics:
Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.
3.articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.
4.auditoryphonetics:
Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
5.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
6.voicing:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.
7.voiceless:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.
8.broadtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.
9.narrowtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.
10.diacritics:
Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
11.IPA:
shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.
12.aspiration:
Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.
13.mannerofarticulation:
Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.
14.placeofarticulation:
Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.
15.consonant:
aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.
16.vowel:
aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.
17.monophthong:
theindividualvowel.
18.diphthong:
Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowels,andfunctionsasasingleone.
19.phone:
Thespeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.
20.phoneme:
Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds.
21.allophone:
anydifferentformsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.
22.phonology:
Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.
23.phonemiccontrast:
twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.
24.complementarydistribution:
allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.
25.minimalpair:
twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundandoccursinthesameposition.Thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
26.sequentialrules:
Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.
27.assimilationrule:
Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.
28.deletionrule:
Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.
29.suprasegmentalfeatures:
Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments----syllable,word,sentence.
30.tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
31.intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.
Chapter3:
Morphology
1.morphology:
Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation.
2.openclass:
Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanb
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