GREArguement 高频提纲.docx
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GREArguement 高频提纲.docx
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GREArguement高频提纲
GRE
Argument终极提纲
使用说明:
这里是Argument全部242题的完整提纲。
题号后面括号里的三项分别是:
题目讨论的题材/结论的性质/主干论证过程。
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提纲中具体缺陷后面括号里斜体缩写表示该缺陷所属的类型,缺陷后面的星号表示该缺陷在本题的严重程度,星数越多缺陷越严重。
题目顺序以新东方写作教程第一章题库顺序为准。
51,(医疗/建议/对比)Thefollowingappearedinamedicalnewsletter.
"Doctorshavelongsuspectedthatsecondaryinfectionsmaykeepsomepatientsfromhealingquicklyafterseveremusclestrain.Thishypothesishasnowbeenprovedbypreliminaryresultsofastudyoftwogroupsofpatients.Thefirstgroupofpatients,allbeingtreatedformuscleinjuriesbyDr.Newland,adoctorwhospecializesinsportsmedicine,tookantibioticsregularlythroughouttheirtreatment.Theirrecuperationtimewas,onaverage,40percentquickerthantypicallyexpected.Patientsinthesecondgroup,allbeingtreatedbyDr.Alton,ageneralphysician,weregivensugarpills(3),althoughthepatientsbelievedtheyweretakingantibiotics.Theiraveragerecuperationtimewasnotsignificantlyreduced(1,2).Therefore,allpatients(4)whoarediagnosedwithmusclestrainwouldbewelladvisedtotakeantibiotics(5)aspartoftheirtreatment."★★★★
1.Theauthordoesnotinformusabouttheseverityofinjuries,physicalconditionsofthetwogroupsofpatients.(I.C)★★★★
2.Theremightbeotherdifferencesbetweentreatmentsofferedbythetwodoctors.(I.C)★★★★
3.Sugarpillsmaycausenegativeeffectsonthehealingofthesecondgroupofpatients.(I.T)★★
4.Notallpatientswhoarediagnosedwithmusclestrainwillsufferfromsecondaryinfections.(C.S)★★★★
5.Notallpatientswithmusclestrainaresuitabletotakingantibiotics.(feasibilityoftheconclusion)★★★★
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53,(生命科学/科学假说/并列)Thirteenyearsago,researchersstudiedagroupof25infants
(1)whoshowedsignsofmilddistress(4)whenexposedtounfamiliarstimulisuchasanunusualodororataperecordingofanunknownvoice.Theydiscoveredthattheseinfantsweremorelikelythanotherinfantstohavebeenconceivedinearlyautumn
(2),atimewhentheirmothers'productionofmelatonin(3)—ahormoneknowntoaffectsomebrainfunctions—wouldnaturallyincreaseinresponsetodecreaseddaylight.Inafollow-upstudyconductedearlierthisyear,morethanhalfofthesechildren—nowteenagers—whohadshownsignsofdistressidentifiedthemselvesasshy(5).Clearly,increasedlevelsofmelatoninbeforebirthcauseshyness(4)duringinfancyandthisshynesscontinuesintolaterlife(6).★★★★
1.Thesampleofthementionedstudyistoolimited.(quantityofthesample)★★★
2.Nodirectevidenceisprovidedtoshowthatitisthehighlevelsofmothers’productionofMelatoninthatresultedinthedistressshowedbytheinfantsstudied.(confusingconcurrencewithcausality)★★★★
3.Theauthorfailstoprovethatincreasedlevelsofmothers’productionofMelatoninwilldirectlyaffecttheirinfants.(U.A)★★★★
4.Theauthorsimplyequatesmilddistresswithshyness.(U.C)★★★★
5.Differentindividualsmaydefinethetermshyinvariousways.(definitionoftheterm‘shy’)★★★★
6.Manyothergeneticorenvironmentalfactorswillcauseshynessinthoseteenagers.(I.T)★★★★
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203,(医疗卫生/论断/对比)Thefollowingappearedinanewspaperfeaturestory.
"Atthesmall,nonprofithospitalinthetownofSaluda,theaveragelengthofapatient'sstayistwodays
(2);atthelarge,for-profithospitalinthenearbycityofMegaville,theaveragepatientstayissixdays
(1).Also,thecurerate
(2)amongpatientsintheSaludahospitalisabouttwice(3)thatoftheMegavillehospital.TheSaludahospitalhasmoreemployeesperpatient(5)thanthehospitalinMegaville,andtherearefewcomplaints(6)aboutserviceatthelocalhospital(4).Suchdataindicatethattreatmentinsmaller,nonprofithospitals(8)ismoreeconomical(7)andofbetterqualitythantreatmentinlarger,for-profithospitals."★★
1.Thetimelengthofapatient’sstayisnotagoodindicationofthequalityoftreatmentinthehospital.(U.C)★★★★
2.OtherfactorsmightalsoexplaintheshorterlengthofpatientstayandhighercurerateintheSaludahospital.(I.C)★★★★★
3.WedonotknowtheseverityofillnessamongpatientsintheSaludahospitalandinMegavillehospital,thuscannotevaluatethecurerateinthetwohospitals.(I.I)★★★★
4.MoreemployeesperpatientandfewcomplaintsdonotnecessarilyindicatethattreatmentinSaludahospitalisbetterthanthatinMegavillehospital.(U.C)★★★★
5.Ahigheremployee-patientratiomayjustindicateorganizationalinefficiencyatSaluda.(negativeevidence)★★★
6.Withoutthetotalnumberofpatientsgoingtoeachhospital,wecannotevaluatewhatpercentageoftheirpatientscomplained.(V.D)★★★
7.Theauthorfailstoprovidetheactualexpendituresofpatientsinthetwohospitals,thustheassumptionthattreatmentinsmaller,nonprofithospitalismoreeconomicalisunwarranted.(I.I)★★
8.Theauthorhastilygeneralizesthattreatmentinothersmaller,nonprofithospitalswillnecessarilybemoreeconomicalandofbetterqualitythanthatinlarger,for-profithospitals.(C.S)★★★★
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7,(政治经济,社会/提议/并列)ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheClearviewnewspaper.
"Inthenextmayoralelection,residentsofClearviewshouldvoteforAnnGreen,whoisamemberoftheGoodEarthCoalition,ratherthanforFrankBraun,amemberoftheClearviewtowncouncil(3),becausethecurrentmembersarenotprotectingourenvironment.Forexample,duringthepastyearthenumberoffactoriesinClearviewhasdoubled
(1),airpollutionlevelshaveincreased,andthelocalhospitalhastreated25percentmorepatientswithrespiratoryillnesses
(2).IfweelectAnnGreen,theenvironmentalproblemsinClearviewwillcertainlybesolved(4,5)."★★★148
1.Theargumentunfairlyassumesthatlastyear'sincreaseinthenumberoffactorieswasduetothecitycouncil'sdecisions—ratherthantosomeotherphenomenon—andthatthisincreaseposesenvironmentalproblemsforClearview.(NCR)★★★★
2.Theargumentalsoassumesunfairlythatlastyear'sincreaseinthenumberofpatientsreportingrespiratoryproblemsindicatesworseningenvironmentalproblemsinClearview.(NCR)★★★★
3.TheeditorialprovidesnoevidencetosubstantiatetheassumptionthatBraunwasafactorinthecitycouncil’sdecisions.(I.I)★★
4.ThemerefactthatGreenisamemberoftheGoodEarthCoalitionhardlysufficestoproveherwillingnessandabilitytohelpsolveClearview'senvironmentalproblems.(I.E)★★★★★
5.TheauthorprovidesnofirmevidencethatelectingGreenisnecessarytosolvethoseproblems,orthatelectingGreenwouldsuffice.(necessityandsufficiencyofthesolution)★★★
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188,(医药卫生/建议/对比)Anewreportsuggeststhatmenandwomenexperiencepainverydifferentlyfromoneanother,andthatdoctorsshouldconsiderthesedifferenceswhenprescribingpainmedications(3).Whenresearchersadministeredthesamedosageofkappaopioids—apainkiller—to28menand20women
(1)whowerehavingtheirwisdomteethextracted,thewomenreported(5)feelingmuchlesspainthanthemen,andtheeasingofpainlastedconsiderablylongerinwomen
(2).Thisresearchsuggeststhatkappaopioidsshouldbeprescribedforwomenwheneverpainmedicationisrequired(4),whereasmenshouldbegivenotherkindsofpainmedication(6).Inaddition,researchersshouldreevaluatetheeffectsofallmedications(7)onmenversuswomen.★★200
1.Thenumberofsubjectsmightbeinsufficienttoconstitutearepresentativesample.(quantityofthesample)★★★
2.Otherdifferencesbetweenthosemenandwomencouldalsoexplainthedifferencebetweentheirfeelingsonpain.(I.C)★★★★
3.Theeffectofkappaopioidsonpainfeelingcouldnotbehastilygeneralizedtoallotherpainmedications.(C.S)★★★★
4.Theeffectofkappaopioidsonpatientswhohavetheirwisdomteethextractedcouldnotbehastilygeneralizedtoallconditionswherepainmedicationisrequired.(C.S)★★★
5.Thelevelofpainreportedbythepatientsmaynotreflecttheiractuallevelofpain.(U.C)★★★
6.Withoutmoreinformationconcerningthethorougheffectofkappaopioids,andlackingcomparisonbetweentheeffectivenessofkappaopiodsandotheravailablepainmedications,wecannotconcludethatitisnotsuitableforallmalepatientsmerelybasedonthefactcitedabove.(adv:
disadv/confusingcomparisonandvariation)★★★
7.Grantedthatpainmedicationsshouldbeprescribeddiscriminatingly,thenecessityofreevaluatingtheeffectsofallmedicationsonmenversuswomenisunwarranted.(C.S/necessityofthesolution)★★★★
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186,(生产,管理/预言/对比)ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthedirectorofpersonneltothepresidentofProfessionalPrintingCompany.
"Inarecenttelephonesurvey
(1)ofautomobilefactoryworkers,olderemployeeswerelesslikelytoreportthathavingasupervisorpresentincreasestheirproductivity.Amongworkersaged18to29,27percentsaidthattheyaremoreproductiveinthepresenceoftheirimmediatesupervisor,comparedto12percentforthoseaged30orover,andonly8percentforthoseaged50orover
(2).Clearly,ifourprintingcompany(3)hiresmainlyolderemployees(4),wewillincreaseproductivityandsavemoneybecauseofthereducedneedforsupervisors."★★★★
1.Sincethesurveyisatelephonesurvey,thereliabilityofitsresultissuspiciousatmanyaspects,e.g.thesizeofthesample,whorespondedtothesurvey,iftherespondentscouldexactlyunderstandthequestions,iftherespondentswereforthrightwhenansweringthequestions,etc.(reliabilityof
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- GREArguement 高频提纲 高频 提纲