大学英语形容词和副词.docx
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大学英语形容词和副词.docx
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大学英语形容词和副词
形容词和副词
I.Classification
常见形容词后缀:
1.-able以“-able”结尾的形容词一般有两种情况:
(1)v.+able→adj.reliable(可以依靠的),drinkable(可以饮用的),eatable(可食用的)。
(2)n.+able→adj.如valuable(有价值的),reasonable(有道理的),comfortable(舒适的)。
2.-ible
terrible,horrible,invisible,possible。
3.-al
actual,general,international,medical,mental,moral,natural,official,several,special,usual。
(这类形容词大部分没有比较级和最高级)
4.-ant
带“-ant”后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是-ance或-ancy后缀。
instant(instance),distant(distance),important(importance),brilliant(brilliancy),constant(constancy),pleasant。
5.-ent
absent(absence),different(difference),excellent(excellence),patient(patience),present(presence).
6.-ar
popular,particular,regular。
7.-ary
contrary,necessary,ordinary,primary,revolutionary。
8.-ed
connected,discouraged,disappointed,engaged,excited,interested,limited,married,pleased,tired,united,used(习惯的),worried,wounded。
9.-en
(1)“-en”跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词,表示“材料”或“质地”,如wooden,golden,earthen。
(2)“-en”也可加在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。
这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转换而来的。
例如:
spoken,written,stricken,mistaken。
10-ern,加在表示方位的名词之后,表示“……(方位)的”。
eastern,southern,western,northern等。
11.-ese,加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。
例如:
Chinese,Japanese.
12.-ful这一后缀有两种情况:
(1)加在名词之后,表示“充满……的”、“有……性质的”,如beautiful,colourful,helpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonderful。
(2)加在动词之后,所构成的形容词意为“易于……的”,如forgetful,regretful
13.-ic常常加在名词或依附于词干后,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”等。
Atlantic,electric,arctic,historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific。
14.-ical,同“ic”一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”,如physical,political,practical,technical等。
注:
(1)有些形容词的词尾可能是“-ic”和“-ical”并存,且可以互相替代,但有时也有区别。
一般来说,词尾“ic”与词根的关系比较密切,而词尾“ical”与词根的关系比较含糊,一般作“与……有关的”解。
anelectriclight(电灯),electricalengineering(电气工程);
historic意为“历史上有名气的”,historical则意为“关于历史的”。
(2)以“ic”结尾的形容词,其相应副词则往往是pacifically,scientifically。
15.-ing例如:
dying,exciting,inspiring,interesting,freezing,living。
16.-ist“-ist”表示“……主义的”、“信仰……的”。
该后缀加在名词之后,
communist,imperialist,Marxist,socialist。
17.-ive意为“……的”、“与……有关的”、“具有……性质的”等。
native,active,passive,attentive,expensive。
18.-less“-less”加在名词、动词后,表示“无”、“缺”,
fearless,harmless,useless,helpless,careless。
19.-ly加在名词之后构成形容词。
这一词缀的意义有二:
(1)“像……的”、“有……性质的”
friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,orderly。
(2)“以……为周期的”、“每……的”
hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,yearly。
20.-(i)ous意为“充满……的”、“具有……特征的”,加在名词、动词和形容词之后。
curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious,various。
21.-some加在名词、动词之后,表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”,
handsome,troublesome,tiresome。
22.-ward,加在名词之后,表示方向,作“向……(方向)的”、“来自……(方向)的”解。
eastward,southward,westward,northward,forward,backward,inward,outward,upward,downward。
注:
这些词也可以是副词。
如果词尾是“-wards”时,必然是副词。
23.-y,加在名词之后,表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。
funny,lucky,shabby,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,
cloudy,dirty,dusty。
介词形容词
1)above
theabovesentence或thesentenceabove(上面的)
2)outside
anoutsidedoor(外边的),anoutsidewrapping(外包装)
3)in
Thatstheinplacetogonow.(时髦的)
anindoor(朝里面的),theinparty(执政的)
4)inside
Forinsidecirculationonly.(内部的)
theinsidefront(back)(书等)封面(底)的背面(里面的)
5)down
feeldownaboutsth.(沮丧的)
6)off
offhours(业余时间的),anoffseason(不佳的),feeloff(不舒服的),anoffchance(极小的)
复合形容词
hand-made手工的new-born新生的
deaf-mute聋哑的absent-minded漫不经心的
合成形容词
1)名词+形容词(形容词+名词)
ice-coldsnow-white,world-wide,fire-proof,home-sick
2)名词(代词)+名词+-ed
chicken-heartedapple-shapedsilver-haired
3)名词(代词)+现在分词
time-consuminglabor-savingfreedom-lovingtrouble-making
4)名词(代词)+过去分词
snow-coveredself-taughthand-writtenair-conditioned
5)形容词(数词)+名词
second-handfirst-classdeep-seapart-time
athree-hourflightathree-poundchicken
atwo-hundred-metrebridgeafive-hundred-wordletter
6)形容词(数词)+名词+-ed
good-manneredbad-temperedopen-mindedkind-hearted
7)形容词+现在分词
good(nice)-lookingeasy-going
8)形容词+过去分词(有些也可看作是副词+过去分词)
new-builtnew-born
9)副词+形容词
all-roundever-green
10)副词+现在分词
ever-lastingout-goinghard-workingfar-seeing
11)副词+过去分词
well-knownwell-behavedbadly-woundedmuch-needed
12)动词(或过去分词)+副词
IIfunctions
1.作定语
只能用作前置定语
Ihavetheutmostrespectforheraccomplishments.
以-er结尾的形容词,如:
elder(eldest),inner,other,upper,lower,latter,former,
outer,hinder,utter,lesser(也包括daily,weekly等)。
Herelderbrotherhisformerwifehisweeklypay
-en结尾的形容词,如:
wooden,golden,woolen
awoodentable,agoldenwatch,awoolensweater
只能用作后置定语
a-形容词afraid,asleep,alone,awake,alive,ashamed
Heistheonlymanawakeatthattime.
Heistheonlymanaliveinthevillageaftertheearthquake.
修饰不定代词时
somethingnewnothinginteresting
anybodypresenteverythinggood
形容词短语
Haveyoufoundamansuitableforthework?
-able,-ible结尾的形容词available,imaginable,possible,visible
Thereareplentyofjobsavailableinthearea.
Parentsencourageeveryactivityimaginable.
前置或后置都可以
a300-metrehighbuilding
abuilding300-metrehigh
adifficultjobtodo
ajobdifficulttodo
amorecomplicatedproblemthanthepreviousone
aproblemmorecomplicatedthanthepreviousone
sogoodachanceasnottobemissed
achancesogoodasnottobemissed
2.只作表语的形容词
well,worth,liable,subject,content,bound,ill,sunk,drunk,sure,unable等词
Thefilmisworthseeing.
Heiswell.
Heisawellman.(误)
Sheisill(sick).(正)
Sheisasickperson.(正)
Sheisanillperson.(误)
ill作“有害的,不好的”解时,可用作前置定语,如illluck,illwind,illnews
英语中有些形容词,既可作定语,也可作表语,但表示的意思往往不同。
比较:
Herlatehusbandisascientist.(已故的)
Shewaslateforthemeeting.(晚的)
Shehadaparticularreasonforgivinguptheplan.(特别的)
Shewasveryparticularaboutdressing.(挑剔的)
Theplaneisduetoarriveatfiveoclock.(scheduled)
Hehandledthematterwithduecareandattention.(proper,suitable)
Imgladtogowithyou.(高兴的)
Thisisagladdayforus.(令人高兴的)
Imsorrytohavesaidit.(抱歉的)
Whatasorrysituation!
(可悲的)
Herfuturelooksgolden.(光明的)
thegoldensunshine(灿烂的)
3作补语
Thenewsmadeherverysad.
Thebottlewasfoundempty.
III用法辨析
Considerate,considerable
Economic,economical
Imaginable,imaginative,imaginary
Industrial,industrious
Respective,respectable,respectful,respected
Sensible,sensitive
Sufficient,efficient,proficient
Valuable,valueless,invaluable
Alive,living,live
Continual,continuous,constant
Worth,worthwhile,worthy
Themanisratherchildish.
Thegirlhasachildlikeloveforadoll.
Ourcollegeisnotcomparablewithyours.
Heisanexpertoncomparativeliterature.
Thechildrenarehealthythoughtheyallhaveslightcoldsatthemoment.
Theairatseasideishealthfultous.
alateredition
thelatterpartofthebook
Thisisaverypracticaltool.
Doyouthinktheplanpracticable?
IamregretfulforwhatIhavesaid.
Hisdecisiontomarryherismostregrettable.
副词
I.分类
(1)时间副词:
now,then,soon,ago,recently,lately,later,before,early,today,tomorrow,yesterday,tonight,suddenly,immediately,still,already,just等。
Anideasuddenlystruckme.
(2)地点副词:
here,there,up,down,away,nearby,home,ahead,abroad,indoors,overseas,upstairs,downstairs等。
Iamconsideringgoingabroad.
(3)方式副词(大多以-ly结尾):
quietly,heavily,warmly,carefully,happily,politely,angrily等。
Lookatthepicturecarefully.
(4)频度副词:
always,usually,often,frequently,constantly,occasionally,sometimes,seldom,hardly,rarely,never等。
Sometimeshegetsupearly.
(5)程度副词:
fairly,pretty,rather,quite,very,much,too,greatly,almost,nearly,half,highly,deeply,partly,perfectly,really等。
Thefilmwasquitegood.
(6)顺序副词first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily等。
Tomfinallywinthegame.
(7)连接副词:
therefore,besides,otherwise,however,moreover,furthermore,still,thus,meanwhile等,也有引导名词性从句或不定式的when,why,where,how等。
Idon’twanttogooutnow,andbesides,Imustwork.
(8)关系副词:
就是引导定语从句的when,where,why
Thisisthefactorywherehisfatherworks.
(9)疑问副词:
就是用于引出特殊疑问句的when,where,why,how等。
Whenwillhebeback?
(10)句子副词:
frankly,honestly,clearly,obviously,evidently,generally,briefly,fortunately,luckily,unexpectedly,naturally,hopefully等。
Frankly,Iamnotsatisfiedwithyourwork.
副词的构成
大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly构成,但注意有变化
1)一般情况
slow→slowlydear→dearly
cool→coollybad→badly
final→finallyexact→exactly
2)-y结尾的词
happy→happilyangry→angrily
3)-le结尾的词,省去-e再加-y
noble→noblysingle→singly
idle→idlyable→ably
但:
sole→solely,pale→palely,whole→wholly
4)-ue结尾的词,去掉-e,再加-ly
true→trulydue→duly
5)-ic结尾的词,加-ally
economic→economicallyhistoric→historically
tragic→tragicallyautomatic→automaticallydemocratic→democratically
fantastic→fantasticallyenergetic→energetically
但:
public→publicly,political→politically
7)-ly结尾的词,去掉-y,加-ily
manly→manlilychilly→chillily
8)-ll结尾的词,只加-y
full→fullydull→dully
Useofadverbs
3.1.tomodifyverbs
ThefootballteamplayedbadlylastSaturday.
3.2.tomodifyadjectives
Itwasanextremelybadmatch.
3.3.tomodifyadverbs
ThefootballteamplayedextremelybadlylastWednesday.
3.4.tomodifyquantities
Therearequitealotofpeoplehere.
3.5.tomodifysentences
Unfortunately,theflighttoDallashadbeencancelled.
易混副词辨析
1)hard和hardly
Itisraininghard.(猛烈地)
Heworksveryhard.(努力地)
Shelistenedhard.(仔细地)
Icanhardlyunderstandyou.(几乎不)
2)late和lately
Verylateatnight,Igotaphonecall.(晚,迟)
Ihavelatelyreceivedanumberoflettersaboutthis.(最近)
3)most和mostly
Theheadisthemostsensitivepartofthebody.(最)
Thesnakehuntsmostlyatnight.(主要地)
Theguestsaremostlyfriendsofthebride.(大多数地)
4)close和closely
Hestoodclosetothewall.(靠近)
Hewasfollowingclosebehind.(近)
WatchwhatIdoclosely.(细心地)
Theprisonswerecloselyguarded.(严密地)
5)wide和w
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