中国能源的现状与政策中英文对照.docx
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中国能源的现状与政策中英文对照.docx
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中国能源的现状与政策中英文对照
China'sEnergyConditionsandPolicies
BEIJING,Dec.26(Xinhua)--TheInformationOfficeoftheStateCouncilpublishedawhitepapertitled"China'sEnergyConditionsandPolicies"onWednesday.Followingisthefulltext:
China'sEnergyConditionsandPolicies
InformationOfficeoftheStateCouncilofthePeople'sRepublicofChina
December2007
Contents
Preface
I.CurrentSituationofEnergyDevelopment
II.StrategyandGoalsofEnergyDevelopment
III.All-roundPromotionofEnergyConservation
IV.ImprovingtheEnergySupplyCapacity
V.AcceleratingtheProgressofEnergyTechnologies
VI.CoordinatingEnergyandEnvironmentDevelopment
VII.DeepeningEnergySystemReform
VIII.StrengtheningInternationalCooperationintheFieldofEnergy
Conclusion
Preface
Energyisanessentialmaterialbasisforhumansurvivalanddevelopment.Overtheentirehistoryofmankind,eachandeverysignificantstepintheprogressofhumancivilizationhasbeenaccompaniedbyenergyinnovationsandsubstitutions.Thedevelopmentandutilizationofenergyhasenormouslyboostedthedevelopmentoftheworldeconomyandhumansociety.
Overmorethan100yearsinthepast,developedcountrieshavecompletedtheirindustrialization,consuminganenormousquantityofnaturalresources,especiallyenergyresources,intheprocess.Today,somedevelopingcountriesareusheringintheirowneraofindustrialization,andanincreaseofenergyconsumptionisinevitablefortheireconomicandsocialdevelopment.
Chinaisthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworld,anddevelopingitseconomyandeliminatingpovertywill,foralongtimetocome,remainthemaintasksfortheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople.Sincethelate1970s,China,asthefastestgrowingdevelopingcountry,hasscoredbrilliantachievementsinitseconomyandsocietythathaveattractedworldwideattention,successfullyblazedthetrailofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,andmadesignificantcontributionstoworlddevelopmentandprosperity.
Chinaisnowtheworld'ssecond-largestenergyproducerandconsumer.Thesustainedgrowthofenergysupplyhasprovidedanimportantsupportforthecountry'seconomicgrowthandsocialprogress,whiletherapidexpansionofenergyconsumptionhascreatedavastscopefortheglobalenergymarket.Asanirreplaceablecomponentoftheworldenergymarket,Chinaplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinmaintainingglobalenergysecurity.
GuidedbytheScientificOutlookonDevelopment,theChinesegovernmentisacceleratingitsdevelopmentofamodernenergyindustry,takingresourceconservationandenvironmentalprotectionastwobasicstatepolicies,givingprominencetobuildingaresource-conservingandenvironment-friendlysocietyinthecourseofitsindustrializationandmodernization,strivingtoenhanceitscapabilityforsustainabledevelopmentandmakingChinaaninnovativecountry,soastomakegreatercontributionstotheworld'seconomyandprosperity.
I.CurrentSituationofEnergyDevelopment
Energyresourcesarethebasisofenergydevelopment.SinceNewChinawasfoundedin1949,ithasmadeconstantendeavorsinenergyresourcesprospecting,andconductedseveralresourcesassessments.China'senergyresourceshavethefollowingcharacteristics:
--Energyresourcesabound.Chinaboastsfairlyrichfossilenergyresources,dominatedbycoal.By2006,thereservesofcoalstoodat1,034.5billiontons,andtheremainingverifiedreservesexploitableaccountedfor13percentoftheworldtotal,rankingChinathirdintheworld.Theverifiedreservesofoilandnaturalgasarerelativelysmall,whileoilshale,coal-bedgasandotherunconventionalfossilenergyresourceshavehugepotentialforexploitation.Chinaalsoboastsfairlyabundantrenewableenergyresources.In2006,thetheoreticalreservesofhydropowerresourceswereequalto6,190billionkwh,andtheeconomicallyexploitableannualpoweroutputwas1,760billionkwh,equivalentto12percentofglobalhydropowerresources,rankingthecountryfirstintheworld.
--China'sper-capitaaverageofenergyresourcesisverylow.Chinahasalargepopulation,resultinginalowper-capitaaverageofenergyresourcesintheworld.Theper-capitaaverageofbothcoalandhydropowerresourcesis50percentoftheworld'saverage,whiletheper-capitaaverageofbothoilandnaturalgasresourcesisonlyaboutone-fifteenthoftheworld'saverage.Theper-capitaaverageofarablelandislessthan30percentoftheworld'saverage,whichhashinderedthedevelopmentofbiomassenergy.
--Thedistributionofenergyresourcesisimbalanced.China'senergyresourcesarescatteredwidelyacrossthecountry,butthedistributionisuneven.Coalisfoundmainlyinthenorthandthenorthwest,hydropowerinthesouthwest,andoilandnaturalgasintheeastern,centralandwesternregionsandalongthecoast.But,theconsumersofenergyresourcesaremainlyinthesoutheastcoastalareas,wheretheeconomyisthemostdeveloped.SuchagreatdifferenceoflocationbetweentheproducersandtheconsumershasledtothefollowingbasicframeworkofChina'senergyflow:
large-scaletransportationoverlongdistancesofcoalandoilfromthenorthtothesouth,andtransmissionofnaturalgasandelectricityfromthewesttotheeast.
--Thedevelopmentofenergyresourcesisfairlydifficult.Comparedwithotherpartsoftheworld,Chinafacesseveregeologicaldifficultiesintappingitscoalresources,andhastogetmostofitscoalbyundergroundmining,asonlyasmallamountcanbeminedbyopencastmethods.Oilandgasresourcesarelocatedinareaswithcomplexgeologicalconditionsandatgreatdepths,soadvancedandexpensiveprospectingandtappingtechniquesarerequired.Untappedhydropowerresourcesaremostlylocatedinthehighmountainsanddeepvalleysofthesouthwest,farfromthecentersofconsumption,entailingtechnicaldifficultiesandhighcosts.Unconventionalenergyresourcesareinsufficientlyprospected,theirdevelopmentisneithereconomicalnorcompetitive.
Sincethereformandopening-uppolicieswereintroducedinChinainthelate1970s,thecountry'senergyindustryhaswitnessedswiftgrowthandmadegreatcontributionstothesustainedandrapidgrowthofthenationaleconomy,withthefollowingdemonstrations:
--Theenergysupplycapabilityhasbeenremarkablyenhanced.Thankstotheeffortsmadeoverthepastfewdecades,Chinahasbuiltanenergysupplyframeworkwithcoalasthemainenergyresourceandelectricityasthefocus,featuringanoveralldevelopmentofoil,gasandrenewableresources.Afairlycompleteenergysupplysystemisnowbyandlargeinplace.Chinahasbuiltagroupofextra-largecoalmineseachwithanannualoutputofovertenmilliontons.In2006,theoutputofprimaryenergyequaled2.21billiontonsofstandardcoal,rankingsecondintheworld.Ofthis,rawcoalaccountedfor2.37billiontons,rankingfirstintheworld.Daqing,Shengli,Liaohe,Tarimandotherlargeoilfieldshavebeensuccessivelybuiltasoilproductionbases,andtheoutputofcrudeoilhasincreasedsteadily,rankingChinatheworld'sfifth-largestoilproducerin2006,with185milliontonsinthatyear.Theoutputofnaturalgasballoonedfrom14.3billioncumin1980to58.6billioncumin2006.Theproportionofcommercialrenewableenergyinthestructureofprimaryenergykeepsrising.Theelectricitysectoralsoreportedspeedygrowthin2006.Theinstalledcapacityreached622millionkw,andtheamountofpowergeneratedwas2,870billionkwh,bothrankingsecondintheworld.Acomprehensiveenergytransportationsystemhasbeendevelopedquickly,withthetransportcapacitynotablyimproved.Specialrailwaystransportingcoalfromthewesttotheeastandrelevantcoalports,andpipelinestransportingoilfromthenorthtothesouthandconveyingnaturalgasfromthewesttotheeasthaveallbeenbuilt.Now,thepowergeneratedinthewestcanbecarriedtotheeast,andtheregionalpowergridshaveallbeenconnectedup.
--Energy-savingeffectsareconspicuous.Duringtheperiod1980-2006,China'senergyconsumptionincreasedby5.6percentannually,boostingthe9.8-percentannualgrowthofthenationaleconomy.Calculatedat2005constantprices,theenergyconsumptionforevery10,000yuanofGDPdroppedfrom3.39tonsofstandardcoalin1980to1.21tonsin2006,makingtheannualenergy-savingrate3.9percent,puttinganendtotherisingtrendofper-unitGDPenergyconsumption.Thecomprehensiveutilizationefficiencyintheprocessing,conversion,storageandend-useofenergywas33percentin2006,upeightpercentagepointsover1980.Per-unitproductenergyconsumptionhasdroppednoticeably,andthegapsbetweentheoverallenergyconsumption,thenetenergyconsumptionrateofelectricitygenerationforsteelandcementproductionaswellassyntheticammoniaproducedbyplantswithanannualoutputof300,000tonsormoreandtheinternationallevelsarenarrowing.
--Theconsumptionstructurehasbeenoptimized.Chinaistheworld'ssecond-largestenergyconsumer.In2006,itstotalconsumptionofprimaryenergywas2.46billiontonsofstandardcoal.Chinapaysgreatattentiontoimprovingitsenergyconsumptionstructure.Theproportionofcoalinprimaryenergyconsumptiondecreasedfrom72.2percentin1980to69.4percentin2006,andthatofotherformsofenergyrosefrom27.8percentto30.6percent,withthatofrenewableenergyandnuclearpowerrisingfrom4.0percentto7.2percent.Thesharesofoilandgashaveincreased.Theend-useenergyconsumptionstructure
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