简要分析文化空缺及其翻译策略.docx
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简要分析文化空缺及其翻译策略.docx
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简要分析文化空缺及其翻译策略
密级:
公开
简要分析文化空缺及其翻译策略
ABriefAnalysisofCulturalVacancyand
TheCorrespondingTranslationStrategies
学院:
外语学院
专业/班级:
英语0703班
学号:
学生姓名:
指导教师:
2011年6月
Contents
摘要.3
Abstract4
ChapterOneIntroduction5
ChapterTwoBriefAnalysisofCommonCulturalVacancy.7
2.1TheDefinitionofCulturalVacancy.7
2.2ReasonsofCulturalVacancy8
2.2.1LinguisticDefferences.8
2.2.2TheSourcesofChineseandWesternCulture9
2.2.3NationalAttributeinCulture..12
2.2.4GeographicalAttributeinCulture12
2.2.5HistoricalAttributeinCulture.13
2.3CommonRepresentationsofCulturalVacancy13
2.3.1TheVacantCulturalWords14
2.3.2TheIntroductionofZeroEquivalence16
ChapterThreeTheCorrespondingTranslationStrategies18
3.1DomesticationandForeignization.18
3.2CommonTranslationStrategies19
3.2.1Transliteration.20
3.2.2LiterlityandCompensation.22
3.2.3LoanTranslation22
3.2.4TheConclusionofStrategies22
ChapterFourConclusion24
Bibliography26
Acknowledgements27
摘要
伴随着全球化的发展,国际间的文化交流也日益频繁,翻译事业也随之繁荣。
翻译是联系两种不同文化的最常见的桥梁。
翻译是各方力图传播自身文明,推广自身价值观的最重要的能力。
然而,无可避免的是,在国际舞台上活跃的各种文化间的冲突也展现出来,而且,这种冲突并不能通过向一种文明妥协而得以解决。
不同的背景早就不同的文化,每一个民族都拥有自己的风俗习惯,而这些并不能在其它文化中找到完全对等之物,因此,文化差异与文化空缺无法避免。
文化空缺这一概念首先由美国语言学家霍凯特在对比两种语言的语法模式中发现,提出了“偶然的缺口”,意即在文化交际过程中的“寻衅之物”。
文化空缺是指在一个民族的文化传统和现实生活中所存在的思想观念、规制礼仪和言语行为等在另一文化环境中出现的缺省现象,是翻译中的主要障碍。
文化空缺由多种原因造成,主要是语言差异,文化渊源差异,文化的自然属性,地理属性和历史属性,其中文化渊源差异主要表现为宗教信仰上的差异,对人们价值观的影响十分深远。
文化词的空缺是最常见的变现形式,而零等值也正是翻译中最大的困难。
归化与异化是翻译中两大基本原则,然而二者相互对立,我们应根据具体情况相应选择,常用的翻译策略是音译、直译、借译,还有加注等。
本文共分四大部分:
第一部分为引言,简要介绍文化空缺现象的出现,及文化与翻译的密切关系;
第二部分简要分析了常见的文化空缺现象,介绍了文化空缺的概念,源头,及常见的表象形式;
第三部分主要介绍面对文化空缺时,我们可以采用的常用翻译策略,以音译,直译等为主;
第四部分则对前文内容进行总结。
关键词:
文化空缺;文化交流;零等值;翻译策略
Abstract
Inthisglobalizedworld,thecommunicationbetweenculturesismoreandmorefrequent,sothatthecareeroftranslationisflourishing.Translationisthemostcommonbridgebetweentwodifferentcultures.Translationiscentraltotheabilityofallpartiestospreadtheircivilizations,tolegitimizetheirversionofevents.Inevitably,the,conflictsamongdifferentculturesareplayedoutintheinternationalareaandcouldnolongerberesolvedbyappealingtolocalconstituenciesalone.
Differentbackgroundsshapeddifferentcultures,andeachnationhasitsownhabitsandcustoms,whichcouldnotbefoundthoroughlyandequivalentlyinanotherone.Thedifferencesandvacanciescannotbeavoided.CulturalvacancywasfirstfoundbytheAmericanlinguisticianHockett,andhebroughtforwardtherandomholeinpatternswhenhewascontrastingthegrammaticalpatternsoftwolanguages.Culturalvacancy,whichreflectstheheterogeneityofitslanguageandculture,isthemainbarrierforcross-culturalcommunication.Tobridgetheculturalvacancyisthecriticalstepfortransferenceofinformationaswellasmainmeansforexchangeanddiffusionofnationalcultures.BasedontheanalysisofphenomenaofSino-westernculturalvacancy,thepaperattemptstoexplorethesolutiontofillculturalvacancy,andputforwardsomefeasibletacticsfortranslation.
Therearesomanyreasonstobringaboutculturalvacancy,linguisticdifferences,thesourcesofChineseandwesternculture,nationalattributeinculture,geographicalattributeinculture,andhistoricalattributeinculture.
Themostcommonrepresentationofculturalvacancyisthevacancyofculturalwords,andzeroequivalenceisthemaindifficultintranslation.
Domesticationandtheforeignizationarethebasicprinciplesintranslation,butthetwoprinciplesareagainsteachother.Weshouldchoosetheadaptableoneinaccordancewiththecondition.Transliteration,literalityandcompensation,andloantranslationareallcommonstrategies.Besidethem,therearealsoothermethods.
Atranslatorhastoconsidernotonlythetwolanguagesbutthetwocultures.topromotethespreadandcommunicationofcultures,wehavetotryourbesttodevelopthetranslation,toknowaboutvariousculturaldifferencesandvacancy,toimprovethetranslators’andinterpreters’qualities.
Keywords:
Culturalvacancy;culturalcommunication;zeroequivalence;translationstrategie
ChapterOneIntroduction
Thepurposeofthisthesisistomakeabriefintroductionofcommonculturalvacancy,includingitssource,commonrepresentationsandsomefamiliartranslationstrategies.Inthisconflict-riddenandglobalizedworld,translationiscentraltotheabilityofallpartiestospreadtheircivilizations,tolegitimizetheirversionofevents.Inevitably,the,conflictsamongdifferentculturesareplayedoutintheinternationalareaandcouldnolongerberesolvedbyappealingtolocalconstituenciesalone.Mostoftheseconflictsstemfromtheculturaldifferencesandculturalvacancies,andoftenproducedalotofmisunderstandingsinourdailylife,eventhefurtherconflictsinpolitics,economic,andsoon.
Cultureisacomprehensivebutcomplicatedconcept,andhasaverycloserelationshipwiththelanguage.Asweallknow,languageisakindofphenomenonofthesocialculture,theproductofthedevelopmentofthesocialculture,andalsotherepresentationofthesocialculture.
Translationisthemostcommonbridgebetweentwodifferentcultures.Itisakindofverypracticalskillandthemostcommonwaytomakethepeopleknowaboutculturesofothernations.JiXianlinsaidthatifwecompareChineseculturetoariver,andtheriverissometimesshortofwater,butitnevergoesout,fortherewillbesomefreshwaterenteringinitmuchorlittle,somefromthewest,someformIndiaandthevehicleistranslation.Sowecansaytranslationisveryimportant.
Everyactionhasitsownaimortarget,andeveryonecouldmakesomeeffect.Translationisalsoakindofbehavior,soithasitsowngoal.Translationcouldrealizethegoaltopromotethecommunicationsbetweentwogroupswithdifferentculturesandlanguages.Translationhasakindofsignificantandmeaningfulinfluence;evensomeonehastheidea“totranslateortodie”.
“Whereverwehappentobeintheworldandwhatevertypeofactivityorprofessionwemaybeinvolvedin,wenowliveandfunctioninaclimateofconflictthatcutsacrossnationalboundariesandconstantlyforcesitselfonourconsciousness.”(Baker,P16)
Andmanyofthesesconflictscomefromthedifferencesofcultures.Duetoculturaldifferencesinhistoricalbackground,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,ideology,eachnationispeculiaraboutcertainobjectsandconceptsthatcannotbefoundequivalencesorcorrespondingexpressionsinotherlanguagesofagivenculture.ThedifferencesbetweenChinaandtheEnglish-speakingcountriesinhistory,socialcustoms,religiouspracticesandideologybringforthmanyissuesthatneedtobeaddressed.Oneofthemis“CulturalVacancy”resultingfromculturalpeculiarities.Forexample,“tofu”isakindofChinesetraditionalfood,whichyoucannotfindinthewestinhistory,sotherewasnosuchawordinwesterndictionariesbefore,whichisakindofculturalvacancy.while,itisalsothemainobstacleonourwaytodotheinterculturaltranslationandcommunicatewiththewesternnations.
Chinesebelieveinthattheevennumbershouldbeauspiciousandcouldbringgoodlucktothepeople,sothefigureofgiftspeoplechoseisoftenanevennumber:
twobottlesofwine,4boxesofdimsumandsoon.While,thewesternpeopleusedtoregardtheoddfigureasthepropitiousrepresentation,andtheyalwayschoosetopresentaboxofcandiesand3fruitsasthegiftstotheirfriends.Asweallknow,thefigure“13”isoneofthewesterntaboosanditisfromtheBible.BecauseChinaandtheBritain,theUSA,andmanyotherwesterncountriesembraceddifferentreligions,notmostofChinesecouldunderstandthenegativemeaningofthefigurefromthereligionwhichtheyarenotfamiliarwith.Thereisnodoubtthatthefigure“13”isaculturalvacancyinChinese.
Whatandhowshouldwedowhenwearemeetingtheculturalvacancy?
Tointroducethemainmethodstodealwiththeproblemisalsoamainpartinthispaper.Totackleaproblem,wefirstrealizewhereitcomesfrom.Sotodowiththeculturalvacancyperfectly,wehavetosearchoutitsoriginalsourceandthentheappropriatetactics.Sothatwecouldpromotethecommunicationandsyncretismoflanguages,cultures,traditions,habits,civilizations,aswellasthedevelopmentofglobalization.
ChapterTwoBriefAnalysisofCommonCulturalVacancy
AmericansocialistRobertsonhasdescribedinhisSociology:
Thecultureineverysocietyhasitsownfeatures,containsitsowncombinationofcodesandvalueswhichyoucouldnotfindinothersocieties.Americanseatoystersinsteadofsnails;theFrenchhavesnailsinsteadofgrasshoppers;theZulutakethegrasshoppersinsteadoffish;theJewchoosethefishinsteadofpork;theHindueatporkinsteadofbeef;theRussianpreferthebeeftothesnakes;while,Chinesecouldacceptthesnakes…theAmericanspendtheirlifetimeingetwealthtogether;somepeoplelivingintheforestsofCongoinAfricasharetheirownthingswithothersalltheirlives;someonelivingintheislandsinnorthwestPacificOceanwillholdagrandceremonyperiodicallytodistributeorruintheirstuff.Manypeoplesabidebyacommonprinciplethatpeopleshouldvaluethewomen’schastity,while,thereisanethnicgrouplivinginIndonesia,whoselawstipulatesthatthewomenshouldbepregnantbeforeshemarried,orelse,thegirlswilllosetheirrightstogetmarried.WomenintraditionalArabicsocietyhastoveilthewholebodies;Americanwomencouldshowherface,couldwearbikinionly;thewomenlivinginsomeAfricandistrictsmaydenudeherbreastandtheentirehip;theresiden
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