step by step3000第三册unit9答案及原文.docx
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step by step3000第三册unit9答案及原文.docx
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stepbystep3000第三册unit9答案及原文
Unit9waystoTravel
PartIWarmingup
A
1.ThisnewsitemisaboutBoeing's18billionnewordersthisyearforitsnew777jetliner.
2.Thisnewsitemisaboutpossiblemergersbetweenairlines.
A2
Tapescript:
1.Boeing,theworld'sleadingcommercialairplanemaker,announcedithas18billiondollarsinnewordersthisyearforitsnew777jetliner.ThisfigureputsdemandfortheBoeingaircraftaheadofcomparablemodelsproducedbyrivalAirbusofEurope.
2.BritishAirwaysandDutchcarrierKLMconfirmtheyareinactofmergertalks.SwissAirwonapprovalfortakingmajoritycontrolofBelgium'sSabenaAirlinesandtherewasanotherflurryoftake-overdiscussionsamongsomemajorAmericancarriers.TheycomeontheheelsofnumberoneUnitedAirlines'offertobuynumbersixU.S.Airwaystwoweeksago.Thenation'snumbertwo,AmericanAirlines,andthecountry'sthirdlargest,Delta,havebeenhavingwhataredescribedaspreliminarydiscussionsaboutapossiblecombination.AmericanhadreportedlybeentalkingwithNorthwestaboutahookupaswell.ThetopthreeU.S.airlines,United,AmericanandDeltacurrentlycontrol56percentofU.S.airtraffic.Ifthemergersgothrough,they'dcontrol85percent.
B
Monorail
1.Monorailsystemsrelyonaverysimpletechnology:
rubber-tiredcarsridingonanarrowconcreteguide-way.
2.Monorailsystemsarecapableofspeedsof65milesperhourandofferridequalitycomparabletoconventionalrailtransittechnologies.
3.Monorailsystemsaresafeandmoreenvironmentallysensitivethananyotherelevatedtransittechnology.
4.Andnoiseandneighborhooddisruptioncausedbymonorailconstructionaredramaticallylowerthanotherformsofmasstransit.
Maglev
1.Oneofthemostexitingrecentinnovationsinrailroadtechnologyismagneticlevitation,orMaglev,whichreliesontheprincipleofmagnetism--attractionandrepulsion.
2.Thisnewtechnologywillresultintrainsthatarefaster,smoother,moreefficient,morecomfortable,andmoreenvironmentallysound.
LightRail
1.Lightrailtransitisanelectricrailwaysystemcharacterizedbyitsabilitytooperatesinglecarsormulti-cartrainsalongsharedorexclusiverights-of-wayatgroundlevel,onaerialstructures,insubways,oroccasionallyinstreets.
2.Itisabletoboardanddischargepassengersatstationplatformsoratstreet,track,orcar-floorlevel,andisnormallypoweredbyoverheadelectricalwires.
3.Themaximumspeedoflightrailtrainsisnormally60milesperhour(100kmperhour).
4.Passengercapacityofeachcarinamultiplecarconsistcanbeuptoasmanyas250passengers(standeesincluded).
Tapescript:
1.Monorail
Monorailsystemsrelyonaverysimpletechnology:
rubber-tiredcarsridingonanarrowconcreteguide-way.Thecarsareselfpropelledbyelectricmotorswithpowerpickupviadistributionbarsmountedonthesideoftheguide-way.Monorailsystemsarecapableofspeedsof65milesperhourandofferridequalitycomparabletoconventionalrailtransittechnologies.
Monorailsystemsaresafebecausethedesignandnatureofmonorailsystemsmakeitverydifficultfortrespasserstoaccesstheguide-wayandpowerrails.
Monorailsystemsaremoreenvironmentallysensitivethananyotherelevatedtransittechnologyduetothemonorail'snarrowguide-waystructureandquietrubbertires.Also,sincemanyofthepylonandrailcomponentscanbeprefabricatedelsewhereandthenassembledalongtheroutes,thenoiseanddisruptionofconstructionwillbekepttoaminimum.Thus,noiseandneighborhooddisruptioncausedbymonorailconstructionaredramaticallylowerthanotherformsofmasstransit.
2.Maglev
Oneofthemostexitingrecentinnovationsinrailroadtechnologyismagneticlevitation,orMaglev,whichreliesontheprincipleofmagnetism-attractionandrepulsion.Thisnewtechnology,stillunderdevelopment,willresultintrainsthatarefaster,smoother,moreefficient,morecomfortable,andmoreenvironmentallysound.Nolongerwilltrainsrumbleheavilyalongsteelrails;rather,theywillfloatalongamagneticcushionwithoutanydirectcontactwiththeground.
3.LightRail
Lightrailtransitisanelectricrailwaysystem,constructedinthe1970sorlater,characterizedbyitsabilitytooperatesinglecarsormulti-cartrainsalongsharedorexclusiverights-of-wayatgroundlevel,onaerialstructures,insubways,oroccasionallyinstreets.Itisabletoboardanddischargepassengersatstationplatformsoratstreet,track,orcar-floorlevel,andisnormallypoweredbyoverheadelectricalwires.
Inmostcurrentsettings,lightrailisanythingbut"light"andisbuilttoexactingstandards.Themaximumspeedoflightrailtrainsisnormally60milesperhour(100kmperhour),whileheavyrailtrainsnormallyoperateathigherspeeds.Dependinguponthespecificsystem,thedistancebetweenlightrailstationsisshorterthanwithinheavyrailsystems,whichlendssomemajoradvantagestourbansettings.
Lightrailtrainsoperateaseithersingleormultiplecarconsists.Passengercapacityofeachcarinamultiplecarconsistcanbeuptoasmanyas250passengers(standeesincluded).
PARTII
In1888,Boston,Massachusetts,becamethefirstAmericancitytoreplacehorse-drawntrolleyswithelectricstreetcars.Streetcars,whichlooksimilartotrainpassengercoaches,clangedtheirbells,rattledaroundthecornersandcrriedalmost14billionridersattheirheightin1920.oldphotosshowoverheadvirescrisscrossingalmosteveryUScity.ThenstreetcarsridershipreplacedtrolleyssteadilyasAmericanstooktoautomobilesandcommunitiesreplacedtrolleyswithbuses.Butnowitseemscitiescan’tlaystreetcarstracksfastenough.
SowhyisthenumberofUScitiesrunningstreetcarsandotherlightrailsystemsnowupto19?
Whyare43othercitiesbuildingordrawingplansforlightraillines?
DanTangherliniisactingdicrestorofWanshingtonD.C.’sTransportationDepartment.
:
Manycitiesarebeginningtore-evaluatethatdecisiontomoveawayfromstreetcars.Welookatcurrentbusridershipmembers,andmanyoftheroutesthathavethehighestbusridershipweresomeofourmostpopularstreetcarroutes.Sotheregoesthenotiongthatthebusesareprovidingincreasedflexibility,atleastonthoseroads.Andsomaybethere’ssomethingbetweentheveryexpensivesubwaysystems,whichcostbetween140and200milliondollarsamileandthebusroute.Andthat’swhatwe’rebeginningtoask.
Streetcarlinescostlessthan10milliondollarsamiletobuild.Washingtonisthelatestcitytoannounceitisstudyingthefeasibilityofbringingbackstreetcars,eventhoughitalreadyitalreadyenjoysafast-movingregionalsubwaysystemcalled“metro”thatrunsthroughseveralpartsofthecity.
AcrosscountryinWashingtonD.C.,BillLindworksforaconservativethinktankcalledtheFreeCongressFoundation.Theorganizationhasprintedseveralstudiessupportinglightrailtransit,includingstreetcars.
“Theoldrationaleforgettingridofthestreetcarsisthattheygetinthewayoftheautomobiles.Butwhatwefoundisthattheautomobile,generallywithonepersonpercar,isprobablytheleastefficientwaytousethelimitedamountofspaceyouhaveonurbanstreets.Ifyou’vegot50peopleonboardastreetcar,you’redoingalotbetterjobofmakinguseofthestreetspaceyouhave.”
EvenifWashington’stransitdepartmentgetsthegreenlighttobringbackstreetcars,it’slikelytobeatleasttenyearsbeforeMr.Lindandhisneighborwillberidingthem.Thecityhastosecurefederalfundingforalargechunkofthework.Citizenswhosaytheypineforthetrolleysmaylosetheirnostalgiawhentheyrealizethecarswillbejanglingpasttheirwindowsorslowingtheirautomobileridesacrosstown.
ButacrossAmerica,streetcarsandlightrailtrainsarecuriositiesnolonger.They’reaprestigeitem,tangibleproofthatacityisenvironmentallyfriendly,onthemove,andintouchwiththehumandesire,inthemidstoftoday’sbustleandspeed,forastreetcar’ssoothingtouchofserenity.
A:
themostpopularstreetcarroutes
B:
lessthan10milliondollars(130-190milliondollars)/between140and200milliondollars
A:
theleastefficientwaytousethelimitedamountofspaceonurbanstreets
B:
you’vegot50peopleonboardastreetcar.
A:
federalfunding
B:
janglepastcitizens’windows
C:
slowtheautomobilesrides
A:
acityisenvironmentallyfriendly
B:
astreetcar’ssoothingtouchofserenity.
B:
I.Aboveandundergroundpublictransitsystems
A.trafficjams/congestion
B.frustration/discomfort/unhapiness
II.Publictransportation
A.lightrailsystems
B.anewpublictrain
III.
B.1.metrosystems
2.SoutheastAsia
3.innovativeusofpublictransitbuses.
IV.Excessivegreenhousegasemissions
B.clean
C.theamountofenergyused
Transcript:
Todaytheworld’surbanareasholdmorethan4timesthepopulationinthe1950’s.trafficispillingupinnearlyeverymajormetropolitanarea.InBangkok,theCapitalofThailand,trafficjamslastforhourswhiletheeconomylosesanestimated6%ofoutput.Manygovernmentsarepromotingaboveandundergroundtransitsystemstofightsuchcongestion.
Thesoundsofpublictransitsystemsarespreadingthroughouttheworld.UrbantrainsareappearingeveninthewideexpansesofthewesternUnitedStates,inplaceslikeDallas,aTexascityknownforoilrichesandbigcars.
“InTexas,wearenotveryusedtoridingatraintotravelaroundthecity.Butactually,DallasandHoustonhavebothstartedlightrailsystems.Itisverypopularinbothcities.”ThisisBrewsterMcCracken,acitycouncilmemberintheTexasca
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