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CHAPTER-IV
PERFORMANCEOFAGRICULTUREINORISSA:
INTERTEMPORALANDSPATIALVARIATIONS
IMPORTANCEOFAGRICULTURE
Orissaisprimarilyanagrarianeconomy.Agricultureisthestate'sdominantsectorwithacontributionofnearly30percenttotheNetStateDomesticProduct(NSDP).About73percentoftotalmainworkersareengagedinagricultureincluding44.3percentcultivatorsand28.7percentagriculturallabourers(1991census).Nearly87percentoftotalpopulationliveinruralareas.ThoughthecontributionofagriculturetoNSDPhassignificantlydeclinedfrom67percentin1951toaround30percentin1998,thepercentageofworkforceengagedinagriculturehasremainedsomewhatunchangedwith73.8percentin1960and73percentin1990(Table4.1).Thisimpliesthattherehasbeenanovercrowdinginagriculturewithoutanyperceptibleincreaseinproduction.Therehasbeenaspectacularincreaseindisguisedunemploymentorunderemploymentintheagriculturesectorwithzeroornearzeromarginalproductivityofagriculturallabour.Cultivatedlandarearemainingmoreorlessfixed,withincreaseinpopulationtheland-manratiohasworsenedovertime.Thepercapitaavailabilityofcultivatedlandwhichwas0.39ha.in1950hasbeendrasticallyreducedto0.17ha.in1999.
Percentageofcultivatorstomainworkershasdecreasedfrom57percentin1960to44percentin1990.Bycontrastthepercentageofagriculturallabourerstomainworkershasincreasedfrom17percentin1960to29percentin1990.Thus,withinaspanofthreedecadestheratioofagriculturallabourerstocultivatorshasincreasedsubstantiallyfromabout3:
7in1960to6.5:
3.5in1990.Thisisprimarilyduetoincreaseinlandlessnessornearlandlessnessonaccountofpopulationgrowthandsub-divisionoflandholdingsamonglegalheirs.Asthepaceofindustrialisationinthestateisslowandhasnottakenoff,agriculturecontinuestoprovidesourcesoflivelihoodtoasignificantsegmentofpopulation.Therefore,agriculturalgrowthholdsthekeytotheoveralldevelopmentofthestatebywayofcreatingemployment,generatingincome,providingrawmaterialstotheindustrialsectorandlastbutnottheleastensuringself-relianceinfoodproductionandfoodsecuritytothedeprivedsections.
Table-4.1
ImportanceofAgricultureinOrissaEconomy
Sl.
Indicators
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
ShareofAgriculturein
66.8*
54.6
30.0**
NSDP(%)
2
PercentageofTotal
95.9
93.7
91.6
88.2
87.0
PopulationLivinginRural
Area
3
PercentageofTotal
73.8
77.4
74.7
73.0
WorkforceEngagedin
Agriculture
a
PercentageofCultivators
56.8
49.2
46.9
44.3
toMainWorkers
b
PercentageofAgricultural
17.0
28.3
27.8
28.7
LabourerstoMainWorkers
4
PerCapitaAvailability
0.39
0.38
0.31
0.18**
OfCultivatedLand(Ha)
Note:
*Figuresfor1951-52
**Figuresfor1998-99
Source
GovernmentofOrissa,EconomicSurvey(VariousIssues),and
StatisticalAbstractsofOrissa,(VariousIssues)
DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,Orissa,Bhubaneswar.
PERFORMANCEOFAGRICULTURE:
INTER-STATECOMPARISON
OverthelasttwotothreedecadestherehasbeenstagnationinagricultureinOrissa.Theyearwisearea,yieldrateandproductionoffoodgrainshavebeenindicatedfortheperiod1970-1998inTable4.2andFigure4.1.Acarefulanalysisofthetrendrevealsthattherehasbeenadistinctincreaseinarea,yieldandproductionoffoodgrainsintheyear1983-84.Theyieldoffoodgrainshasincreasedfrom883kg/hain1970to956kg/hain1983.Thereafter,therehasbeenadistinctincreaseinyieldrateintheyear1988andthisratehasmoreorlesssustainedtill1998.
Thetrienniumendingcompoundannualgrowthratesforareaunderfoodgrains,productionandyieldhavebeencomputedforfivetimeperiodsasshowninTable4.3.Thegrowthratesarefoundtobehoveringaroundonepercentduringallthetimeperiods.Duringtheperiod1996-99over1970-73thegrowthratesinareaunderfoodgrains,yieldandproductionarefoundtobe1.004,1.004and1.011respectively.ThesegrowthratesaremuchlowerincomparisontootherIndianstatesandall-Indiaaverageasdiscussedbelow.
Astateandregion-wiseanalysisoflevelsofyieldandcompoundgrowthrateascontainedinTable4.4revealsthattheaveragevalueofcropyieldisthehighestintheSouthernregionofIndiafollowedbyNorth-westernregion,EasternregionandCentralregion.Forthetrienniumending1992-95theaveragevalueofyieldisthehighestforKeralaandthenindescendingorderareTamilNadu,PunjabandHaryana.ForOrissatheaveragevalueofyieldwasonlyRs.5979perhectarewhereasitwasRs.15626forKerala,Rs.14073forTamilNadu,Rs.13597forPunjabandRs.7388forall-India.Asregardsannualcompoundgrowthrateofyieldovertheperiod1962-92,itiscomputedtobethehighestforNorth-WesternregionfollowedbySouthernregion,CentralregionandEasternregion.AstatewisecomparisonindicatesthatthepercentannualcompoundgrowthrateisthehighestforHaryana(3.2)followedbyPunjab(3.1)andAndhraPradesh(2.8).InOrissathecompoundannualpercentagegrowthrateisonly1.3,whereasforall-Indiaitis2.3.
Table-4.2
Area,YieldandProductionofFoodgrainsinOrissa
Year
Area
Yield
Production
('000Ha.)
(kg/Ha)
('000mt)
1970-71
5781
883
5104
71-72
5950
732
4354
72-73
5915
822
4860
73-74
6218
881
5480
74-75
5992
663
3971
75-76
6484
848
5500
76-77
6038
675
4075
77-78
6519
853
5561
78-79
6680
863
5765
79-80
6455
600
3872
80-81
6909
865
5977
81-82
6738
822
5538
82-83
6417
731
4688
83-84
7323
956
7001
84-85
6652
843
5609
85-86
7043
989
6968
86-87
7010
910
6378
87-88
6728
752
5058
88-89
6856
1021
7002
89-90
6972
1144
7974
90-91
7089
992
7031
91-92
7252
1141
8273
92-93
6946
993
6898
93-94
7208
1140
8216
94-95
7120
1122
7986
95-96
7194
1101
7923
96-97
6360
841
5347
97-98
6616
1105
7311
98-99
6516
965
6288
S.D.
442.30
153.30
1331.14
C.V.(%)
6.6
16.9
21.9
Source:
1.GovernmentofOrissa,AgriculturalStatisticsofOrissa-AtaGlance,1996,2.OrissaAgriculturalStatistics,(VariousIssues);DirectorateofAgriculture&FoodProduction,Orissa,Bhubaneswar.
FIGURE-4.1
Table-4.3
GrowthRatesofArea,YieldandProductionofFoodgrainsinOrissa
Period
TrienniumCompoundAnnualGrowthRate
Area
Yield
Production
1980-83over1970-73
1.013
0.999
1.012
1990-93over1980-83
1.006
1.025
1.032
1996-99over1990-93
0.985
0.989
0.975
19996-99over1980-83
0.998
1.012
1.010
1996-99over1970-73
1.004
1.004
1.011
Source:
ComputedfromAgriculturalStatisticsofOrissa-AtAGlance,1996;AgriculturalStatistics,
(Variousissues);DirectorateofAgriculture&FoodProduction,Orissa,Bhubaneswar.
Table-4.4
StatesandResign-wiseAverageYieldandCompoundGrowthRatesofCrops
(At1990-93constantprices)
Sl.
No.
States/Region
AverageValueofYield(Rs./Ha)
AnnualCompoundGrowthRate(%)
1962-65
1970-73
1980-83
1992-95
1970-73over
1962-65
1980-83over
1970-73
1992-95over
1980-83
1992-95over
1962-65
1
Orissa
4114.37
4072.70
4374.84
5979.16
-0.13
0.72
2.64
1.25
2
Assam
5727.97
6241.20
6906.69
8196.82
1.08
1.02
1.44
1.20
3
Bihar
3679.55
4009.73
4048.56
5678.08
1.08
0.10
2.86
1.46
4
WestBengal
5074.57
5614.56
5943.81
9958.45
1.27
0.57
4.39
2.27
I
EasternRegion
4338.30
4671.31
4944.00
7318.50
0.93
0.57
3.32
1.76
5
Haryana
3927.21
5090.01
6229.13
10128.73
3.30
2.04
4.13
3.21
6
HimachalPradesh
3048.15
3733.76
3917.69
5195.63
2.57
0.48
2.38
1.79
7
Jammu&Kashmir
2986.95
4481.40
5758.75
5567.01
5.20
2.54
-0.28
2.10
8
Punjab
5395.62
7476.29
9707.65
13597.22
4.16
2.65
2.85
3.13
9
UttarPradesh
3970.10
4589.98
5805.13
8656.20
1.83
2.38
3.39
2.63
II
North-westRegion
4092.75
5024.54
6422.63
9582.50
2.60
2.49
3.39
2.88
10
Gujarat
3673.01
4326.57
5693.43
7460.09
2.07
2.78
2.28
2.39
11
MadhyaPradesh
2603.49
2835.86
3069.65
4773.12
1.07
0.80
3.75
2.04
12
Maharashtra
2898.61
2343.57
3794.68
5176.94
-2.62
4.94
2.62
1.95
13
Rajasthan
1740.45
2217.10
2334.77
3715.22
3.07
0.52
3.95
2.56
III
CentralRegion
2653.78
2763.12
3464.09
4943.84
0.51
2.29
3.01
2.10
14
AndhraPradesh
4064.96
4363.05
6276.23
9390.64
0.89
3.70
3.41
2.83
15
Karnataka
3207.56
4267.23
4989.92
6969.70
3.63
1.58
2.82
2.62
16
Kerala
11375.65
12957.56
12333.85
15625.96
1.64
-0.49
1.99
1.06
17
TamilNadu
6689.49
7899.75
8756.47
14073.94
2.10
1.03
4.03
2.51
IV
SouthernRegion
4873.34
5872.68
6848.20
9990.63
2.36
1.55
3.20
2.42
All-India
3738.19
4256.79
5090.42
7388.05
1.64
1.80
3.15
2.30
C.V(%)
56.86
58.19
48.12
46.30
91.34
85.20
39.05
29.26
Note:
1.AverageYield=(Valueofoutputof43crops/areaunder43crops)
Source:
CalculatedfromGovernmentofIndia,AreaandProductionofPrincipalCropsinIndia(VariousIssues),MinistryofAgriculture,NewDelhi;
Bhalla,G.S.edGurmailSingh,(2001),IndianAgriculture:
FourDecadesofDevelopment,NewDelhi:
Sage,p.24-25.
Nowcomingtothephysicalcropproductivity,itisobservedthatintheyear1998-99theyieldrateoffoodgrainsinOrissawasonly1080kg/ha,whe
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