简明语言学教程.docx
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简明语言学教程.docx
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简明语言学教程
Chapter1Introduction
Whatislinguistics?
什么是语言学
[A]Thedefinitionoflinguistics
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(对语言进行的科学研究)
[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:
thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究
1.Phonetics:
thestudyusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)
2.Phonology:
isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)
3.Morphology:
thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)
4.Syntax:
thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)
5.Semantics:
thestudyofmeaninginabstraction
6.Pragmatics:
thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind
Appliedlinguistics:
theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning
Anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics
[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性
Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive(modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive)
Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性)
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy
Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisdiachronic
③Speechandwriting言语与文字
Theyaretwomajormediaofcommunication.Speechispriortowriting.Speechistongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoshcool.
④Langueandparole语言和言语
ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.
ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统)
Parole:
referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指语言在实际运用中的实现)
⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用
ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)
Competence:
theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识)
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.(这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现)
________________________________________
Whatislanguage?
什么是语言
[A]Thedefinitionoflanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。
)
a)System:
combinedtogetheraccordingtorules(根据规则组合在一起)
b)Arbitrary:
nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系)
c)Vocal:
theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages(所有语言的首要媒介都是声音)
d)Human:
languageishuman-specific(语言是人类所独有的)
[B]Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):
thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication(识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征)
①Arbitrariness(任意性)
Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.
Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.(意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系;虽然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)
a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:
onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)
b)somecompoundwords(某些复合词)
②Productivity(能产性,创造性)
Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(Creativityoropen-endedness)
★③Duality(双重结构性,两重性或二元性)
Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)(语言是一个系统,包含两组结构或者两个层面。
在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构,其自身没有什么意义;较高层面存在着意义单位;结构的双重性/语言的双层性)
④Displacement(跨时空性,移位性)
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker(refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations)
⑤Culturaltransition(文化传递性)
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.
Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.
________________________________________
Chapter2Phonology音位学
[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics(语音学)
Phonetics:
thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.(是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音)0
Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.(发音语音学)hasthelongesthistory.
Acousticphonetics:
dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.(听觉语音学)
Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:
dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.(声学语音学)
[B]Organsofspeech(发音器官)
Voiceless:
清音whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless
Voicing:
vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.
Voiced(Voicing):
浊音whenthevocalcords声带aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.
AlltheEnglishvowels元音aretypicallyvoiced(voicing).
Theimportantcavities:
Thepharyngealcavity咽腔
Theoralcavity口腔
Thenasalcavity鼻腔
其他部位:
Lips唇1,teeth齿2,teethridge(alveolus)齿龈3,hardpalate硬腭4,softpalate(velum)软腭5,uvula小舌6,tipoftongue舌尖7,bladeoftongue舌面8,backoftongue舌后9,vocalcords声带10
[C]Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds:
Broadandnarrowtranscriptions
(语音的正字法表征:
宽式/窄式标音)
IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet/Association国际语音协会/国际音标)19th
Broadtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly(代表字母的符号)
Narrowtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics(变音符)diacritics:
asymbolsareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonecanpossiblydo.
E.g.:
[l]à[li:
f]--àaclear[l](nodiacritic)
[l]à[bild]--àadark[l](~)
[l]à[help]--àadental[l]()
[p]à[pit]--àanaspirated[ph](h表示送气)
[p]à[spit]--àanunaspirated[p](nodiacritic)
[n]à[5bQtn]àasyllabicnasal[n](7)
[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants(英语辅音的分类)
Intermsofmannerofarticulation根据发音方法分(themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated)
①Stops闭塞音:
theobstructionistotalorcomplete,andthengoingabruptly
[p]/[b],[t]/[d],[k]/[g]
②Fricatives摩擦音:
theobstructionispartial,andtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth
[f]/[v],[s]/[z],[∫]/[з],[θ]/[δ],[h](approximant)
③Affricates塞擦音:
theobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlyasinfricativesresultingfrompartialobstruction.[t∫]/[dз]
④Liquids流音:
theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth
[l]àalateralsound;[r]àretroflex
⑤Glides滑音:
[w],[j](semi-vowels)
Liquid+glides+[h]àapproximants
⑥Nasals鼻音:
thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit
[m],[n],[η]
Byplaceofarticulation根据发音部位分(theplacewhereobstructioniscreated)
①bilabial双唇音:
upperandlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p]/[b],[w]à(velar)
②labiodentals唇齿音:
thelowerlipandtheupperteeth[f]/[v]
③dental齿音:
thetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth[θ]/[δ]
④alveolar齿龈音:
thefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge[t]/[d],[s]/[z],[n],[l],[r]
⑤palatal腭音:
tongueinthemiddleofthepalate(theabstructionisbetweenthebackofthetougueandthehardpalate)[∫]/[з],[t∫]/[dз],[j]
⑥velars软腭因:
thebackofthetongueagainstthevelum[k],[g],[η]
⑦glottal喉音:
theglottalisthespacebetweenthevocalcordsinthelarynx[h]
[E]ClassificationofEnglishvowels(英语元音的分类)
①Thehighestpositionofthetongue:
front,central,back;
②Theopennessofthemouth:
close,semi-close,semi-open,open;
③Theroundness(shape)ofthemonth(thelips):
Allthefront,centralvowelsareunroundedvowelsexcept[B]
Allthebackvowels,except[A:
]areroundedvowels
④Thelengthofthesound:
longvowels&shortvowels
Larynxà(tense)or(lax)
Monophthongs,diphthongs
Cardinalvowels
[F]Thedefinitionofphonology(音位学)
Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.
Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguages;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
[G]Phone,phoneme,andallophone(音素、音位、音位变体)
Phone:
aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment(音素是一个语音单位或者说语音段)
Phoneme:
aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.(音位是一个音位学的单位,而且是一个有区别意义的单位,是一个抽象的单位)
Allophone:
thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
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