英美文化考点.docx
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英美文化考点.docx
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英美文化考点
英语国家概况复习重点:
1.Puritanism;PuritanswerethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland.Theybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestined(注定的)byGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod'schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.NoChurchnorgod’workscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod'selectwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod'swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.
2.ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritain:
OneistheChristmasPantomime,acomicalmusicalplay.Themainmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhilethemainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywomancalled“theDame”,isplayedbyaman.AnotherBritishChristmastraditionistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthetelevisionandradio.AthirdBritishtraditionisBoxingDay,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.Traditionally,itwasonBoxingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstafforservants.NowthatmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobserved.However,anewBoxingDaycustomhasemergedinthecities:
shopping.ShopsopenuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,food,cardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.
3.Grammarschools;ItisatypeofsecondaryschoolsinBritain.Grammarschoolsselectchildrenatage11,throughanexaminationcalled"the11-plus".Thosechildrenwiththehighestmarksgotogrammarschools.Theseschoolslayemphasisonadvancedacademicsubjectsratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschoolsandexceptmanyoftheirpupilstogoontouniversities.
4.TheBBC:
TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation.IthasbeentheBritain’smainpublicservicebroadcaster.ItcurrentlyhastwoTVchannels.
5.Qualitypapers:
theybelongtooneofthecategoriesofthenationaldailies.Thequalitypaperscarrymoreseriousandin-deptharticlesofparticularpoliticalandsocialimportance.Theyalsocarryreviews,suchasbookreviewsandfeaturearticlesabouthighculture.Thesepapersarealsoreferredtoas“thebroadsheets”becausetheyareprintedonlarge-sizepaper.Thereadersofthemaregenerallyawell-educatedmiddleclassaudience.
6.SinnFein;ItisalegalpoliticalpartyinNorthernIrelandwhichsupporttheIRAtofightfortheunionofIreland.TheleaderofSinnFeinpreferunionwithIrelandbyatwincampaign,bothmilitaryandpoliticalwhichtheycallthepolicyof“theBulletandtheballotBox”.ItbelievethatwithouttheparticipationofSinnFeinthepoliticalproblemofNorthernIrelandcannotbethoroughlysolved.
7.Comprehensiveschool:
TheyarethemostpopularsecondaryschoolsinBritaintoday.Suchschoolsadmitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilitiesandprovideageneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectslikeliteraturetomorepracticalsubjectslikecooking.
8.TheHouseofLords:
TheHouseofLordsconsistsoftheLordsofSpiritual,whoarethearchbishopsandmostprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland;andtheLordsTemporal,whichreferstothoselordswhoeitherhaveinheritedtheseatfromtheirforefathersortheyhavebeenappointed.Thelordsmainlyrepresentthemselvesinsteadoftheinterestsofthepublic.
9.ChecksandBalance:
Thegovernmentisdividedintothreebranches,thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial,eachhaspartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.Andeachbranchofgovernmentcancheck,orblock,theactionsoftheotherbranches.Thethreebranchesarethusinbalance.Thiscalled“checksandbalances”.
10.TheHouseofCommons;TheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhereabouts650electedrepresentatives(MembersofParliament)makeanddebatepolicy.TheseMPSareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresenttheinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.
11BoxingDay:
ItisatypicalBritishtraditioncelebratedonthedayafterChristmas.PeopleusedtogiveChristmasgiftormoneytotheirstafforservantsonthisday.Andnowtheymostlydoshopping,payvisits,enjoyeatingandrelax.
12.Independentschools:
arecommonlycalledpublicschoolswhichreceivetheirfundingthroughtheprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.Independenceschoolsarenotpartnationaleducationsystem,butthequalityofinstructionandstandardsaremaintainedthroughhermajesty’sInspectorsofschools.Theseschoolsarerestrictedtostudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.
13.Anglo-Saxons:
TheyweretwogroupsofGermanicpeopleswhosettleddowninEnglandfromthe5thcentury.TheywereregardedastheancestorsoftheEnglishandthefoundersofEngland.
14.EliWhitney;EliWhitneyisanAmericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin,whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.Healsobeganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeablepart.ThiscontributedtotheAmericansystemofmassproduction.
15.migrantworkers;Manybigfarmshiretemporaryworkersonlyforaspecificchore---suchaspickingcrops.Manyoftheseseasonalworkerstravelfromfarmtofarm,stayingonlyuntilthecropsarepicked.Theyareknownasmigrantworkers.TheyarethePrimaryIndustry,theSecondaryIndustryandTertiaryIndustryorservice.
17.“Footballhooligans”;Itreflectstheviolenceassociatedwithfootball.“Footballhooligans”aresupportersofrivalteams.Theysometimesclashbefore,duringandaftermatchesandoccasionallyrunriotthroughthetownbreakingwindowsandbeatingeachotherup.
18;TheDeclarationofIndependence;ItwasmainlydraftedbyThomasJeffersonandadoptedbythecongressonJuly4,1776.Whenthepeoplefrothe13EnglishcoloniesinNorthernAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.Thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenareequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife,libertyandpursuitofhappiness.
19.theBillofRightsinUS;TheBillofRightsconsistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.
20.ThreeFaithsintheU.S;Bythe1950s,thethreefaithsmodelofAmericanreligionhaddeveloped.Americanswereconsideredtocomeinthreebasicvarieties:
Protestant,CatholicandJewish,theorderreflectingthestrengthinnumbersofeachgroup.
21.London;Londonisthelargestcitylocatedinthesouthofthecountry.ItisdominantinBritaininallsortsofways.ItistheculturalandbusinesscenterandtheheadquartersofthevastmajorityofBritain'sbigcompanies.Itisnotonlythefinancialcenterofthenation,butalsooneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld.
22.Christmas:
ItisthebiggestandthemostpopularBritishholidaycelebratedbyonDecember25theachyeartocommemoratethebirthofJesusChrist.Peopleusuallydecoratehomeswithevergreenplants.Christmastreesandornament.TheyalsoexchangegiftsandChristmascards.ThreetypicalBritishtraditionsonChristmasare:
theChristmaspantomime,theQueen’sspeechandtheBoxingDay.
23.GgeorgeWashington;GeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewastheCommander-in-ChiefoftheContinentalArmy(陆军)intheWarofIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.
24.Tabloids:
Atabloidisasmallformatnewspaperwithcolorphotosandcatchyheadlines.Tabloidsareinterestedinscandalsandgossipusuallyaboutfamouspeople.Theyalsocarrylotsofcrime,sportsandsensationalhumanintereststoriessoastoattractreaders.Storiesareshort,easytoreadandoftenrelymoreonopinionsthanfact.Theybelongtoacategoryofnationalpapersdifferentfromqualitypapers.
25.comprehensiveschools:
TheyarethemostpopularsecondaryschoolsinBritaintoday.Suchschoolsadmitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilitiesandprovideageneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectslikeliteraturetomorepracticalsubjectslikecooking.
26.HomeRule:
IrelandhadlongbeendominatedbyBritain,butIrelanddesiredforaindependentIrishstatewasneverlost,“HomeRule”referstoacampaignforIrishcontrolofIrishaffairs.ThehomeRulebillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbythefirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.
27.KingArthur:
HewasakingofEnglandinthefifthcenturyandunitedtheBritishanddrovetheSaxonbackwithhismagicalsword,Exalibur(亚瑟王之剑)Hisrealexistenceisindoubt.Heisthecentralfigureofmanylegends
28.theBritishConstitution:
ThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatutelaw.
29.Agribusiness;ItreferstothenewfarminginBritain,becauseit’sequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintothefarmofprocesseswhichoccuronthefarm,andoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm.Theemphasisisuponintensivefarming,designstogivethemaximumoutputofcropsandanimals.
30.Britishconstitution:
Britishhasnowrittenconstitution.ThefoundationsoftheBritishstatearelaidoutinstatutelaw,whicharelawspassedbyparliament;thecommonlaws,whichare
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