高中化学复习知识点.docx
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高中化学复习知识点.docx
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高中化学复习知识点
高中化学复习知识点(Highschoolchemistryreviewknowledgepoints)
Highschoolchemistryreviewknowledgepoints
Chemicalreactionsandtheirenergychanges
Asummaryofchemicalreactionsandtheirenergychanges
Coreknowledge
Redoxreaction
Coreknowledge
First,afewbasicconcepts
1.redoxreaction:
whereelectrontransferreactionisredoxreaction.Asthevalenceofelementschange.
2.oxidationandreductionreaction:
materialloseselectrons(reflectsincreasedvalence)isanoxidationreaction;electronicmaterialreaction(reflectedinlowervalence)isthereductionreaction.
3.productofoxidationandreduction:
theproductformedbyoxidationofthereducingagentwhentheelectronsarelostinthereactionistheproductofoxidation.Theoxidantisreducedtoelectronsinthereactionandtheresultingproductisareducedproduct
4.oxidationandreduction:
substancesinthereactionoftheelectronasoxidant,oxidantwithoxidation;substancesinthereactionoftheelectronasareducingagent,reducingagenthasreduction
Therelationshipsbetweentheconceptsare:
Two.Analysisandrepresentationofoxidation-reductionreactions
Doubletrackbridgemethod:
In1cases
Itrepresentsthegainandlossofelectronsinthereactionandtheresult
Thewirebridgeisdirectedbythereactanttothesameelementofthegenerator
Singletrackbridgemethod
Example(example)
Itindicatestheelectrontransferinthereaction
Thewirebridgeisdirectedbythereductant,theelectron-deficientelement,andtheelectronelementoftheoxidant
Therelationshipbetweenthethreeorfourbasicreactiontypesandtheredoxreaction
The1.displacementreactionsareallredoxreactions
2.chemicalreactionsanddecompositionreactionsarepartlyredoxreactions
All3.metathesisreactionsarenotredoxreactions
Four,therelationshipbetweenthevalencestateandtheoxidationandreductionoftheelements
Thecommonlowestvalenceelementscannotgetelectron,onlyhasreducing.ForexampleallmetalelementsasCl-1,S-2,O-2,Oprice,atthehighestvalenceelementscannotloseelectrons,canonlyreceiveelectronicandoxidbillity.Inthemiddleofthevalenceofelements,suchasbothoxidizing,andreduction,butalsooftenoneaspect.SuchasS,O2,Cl2byoxidation.
Five.Comparisonofoxidationandreduction
(1)oxidation:
oxidant>oxidationproduct
Reducibility:
reducingagent>reducingproduct
Note:
theoxidationreductionisgenerallydependentontheredoxreaction
(2)accordingtotheorderofmetalactivity
K,Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Zn,Fe,Sn,Pb,(H),Cu,Hg,Ag,Pt,Au
(3)accordingtotheorderofnonmetallicactivities
Six.Basictypesofredoxreactions
All1.redox:
allatomvalencecompoundvalenceelementschange
Suchas:
2H2+O22H2OZn+2HClH2=+ZnCl2
The2.part:
theredoxelementsofatomicvalenceonlypartofchange
Suchas:
MnO2+4HCl(concentrated)MnCl2+Cl2=+2H2O
3.,selfoxidationisreduced,andthechangeofvalencestateofdifferentelementsinthesamesubstanceischanged
Suchas:
2KClO32KCl+3O2=2H2O=+O2=2H2
4.disproportionationreaction:
thechangeofvalencestateofthesameelementinthesamesubstance
Suchas:
Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O
Seven,thebasiclawofredoxreaction
1.,twoconservationrelations:
Conservationofmassandconservationofthetotalnumberofelectrons
The2.lawofincorporation:
thereactionofdifferentvalencestatesofthesameelementfollowstheprincipleof"reliableconvergence"
Ionreactionionequation
Coreknowledge
Electrolytesandnonelectrolytes
1.electrolyte:
acompoundthatconductselectricityinanaqueoussolutionorwhenheated
Acompoundthatcannotconductelectricitywhendissolvedinwaterorheated
Example1CaOandSO3aresolubleinwaterandelectricallyconductive.Fecanconductelectricity.Aretheyelectrolytes?
ThisistheanalysisofCaOelectrolyte,butcannotsaythatisbecauseitissolubleinwaterconductiveelectrolyte.Solubleinwaterhasthefollowingeffects:
CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2,theCa(OH)2SO3itselfisnotconductive;electrolyte,solubleinwaterhasthefollowingeffects:
SO3+H2O=H2SO4,H2SO4.Theconductivityofelectrolyteactuallyreferstothereactionwithwater,throughtheirownfreedomandashiftofionizationionconductivecompounds.Fenotacompound,itdidn'tbelongtotheelectrolyteandnonelectrolyteofthecolumn.
2.strongelectrolyteandweakelectrolyte
Two,ionreaction
1.reactionsinvolvingionsarecalledionicreactions
Ionexchangetype(doubledecompositionreaction)
2.types
Oxidationreduction
Threeionequation
1.inresponsetotheactualuseofionionreactionbetweensymbolstorepresenttheformulacalledionequation.
2.significance:
ionicequationrepresentsallionreactionsofthesametype
3.,themethodofwritingionicequations:
(1)write"writethecorrectchemicalequation."
(2)"demolition":
dissolvingsolubleandeasilyionizedsubstancesinionicform,whichareinsolubleanddifficulttoionize,
Andgassubstancesarewritteninachemicalformula
(3)delete:
deletetheionsthatdonotparticipateinthereactionbeforeandafterthereaction
(4)"check":
checkwhetherthenumberofatomsonthetwosidesoftheionicequationisequal,andwhetherthetotalchargeisequal
Four,themethodofdeterminingwhethertheionequationiswrittencorrectly
Thefollowingfiveprinciplesmustbeconsidered:
(1)accordingtoobjectivefactsofmaterialreaction;
Example1:
Ironreactswithdilutehydrochloricacid:
2Fe+6H+=2Fe3++3H2=(error),therightis:
Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2=.
(2)thelawsofconservationofmassmustbeobserved
Anexampleof2:
Cl2+I-=Cl-+I2(error),therightis:
Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I2.
(3)theprincipleofchargebalancemustbeobserved
Example3:
chlorinegasispassedintotheFeCl2solution:
Fe2++Cl2=Fe3++2Cl-(error),therightis:
2Fe2++Cl2=2Fe3++2Cl-.
(4)oxidationreductionreactionmustfollowtheprincipleofgainandlossconservationofelectrons.Attentionshouldbepaidtothedeterminationofwhethertheelectrontransferredbyoxidantandreducingagentistrimmed
(5)mustfollowtheprincipleofconstantcomposition(i.e.materialcomposedofanionsandcationsfixed).
Anexampleof4:
Ba(OH)2solutionanddiluteH2SO4:
Ba+OH-+H++SO42-=BaSO4:
+H2O(mixederror),therightis:
Ba2++2OH-+SO42-+2H+=BaSO4:
+2H2O.
Five,determinewhethertheionsinthesolutioncancoexistinlargequantities
Theso-calledioncancoexistinthesamesolution,whichmeansnoreactionbetweenions.Ifthereactionbetweenionscannotexistinalargenumber
1.inthesamesolution,iftheionmeetsanyofthefollowingconditions,theionreactionwilloccur,andtheionscannotcoexistinthesolution
(1)theformationofinsolubleorslightlysolublesubstances:
suchasBa2+andCO32-,Ag+andBr-,Ca2+andSO42-andOH-,OH-andCu2+andsoon,cannotcoexistinlargenumbers
(2)generategasorvolatilesubstances:
suchasNH4+andOH-,H+andCO32-,HCO3-,S2-,HSO3-,SO32-andsoon,cannotcoexistinlargenumbers
2.,theformationofdifficulttoionizesubstances:
suchasH+andCO32-,S2-,SO32-,F-,ClO-andotherweakacids;OH-andNH4+,Cu2+andotherweakbasic;H+andOH-generatedwater,theseionscannotcoexistinlargenumbers
(4)redoxreaction:
oxidativeions(suchasFe3+,NO3-,ClO-,MnO4-)andreductiveions(suchasS2-,I-,Fe2+,SO32-)isnotalotofattention.Fe2+andFe3+coexistencecancoexist;MnO4-andCl-arenotalotofcoexistence.
2.applicationrulesofadditionalimplicitconditions:
(1)whenthesolutioniscolorlessandtransparent,theremustbenocoloredionsinthesolution.ThecommoncoloredionsareCu2+,Fe3+,Fe2+,MnO4-andsoon
(2)theremustbenoionsthatreactwithOH-instronglyalkalinesolutions
(3)theremustbenoionsinthestronglyacidicsolutionthatreactwithH+
Thechangeofenergyinachemicalreaction
Coreknowledge
1.energychangeinchemicalreactions
(1)thebasiccharacteristicsofchemicalreactions
Theformationofnewsubstances,oftenaccompaniedbychangesinenergyandluminescence,discoloration,outgassing,precipitationandotherphenomena
(2)exothermicreactionandendothermicreaction
Thereisaheatreleasereactioncalledexothermicreaction;thereisaheatabsorptionreactioncalledendothermicreaction
Thereason:
thecharacteristicsofchemicalreactionisanewsubstance,thetotalenergyofnewmaterialandreactionmaterialisnotthesame,thereactantsandthenewenergydifferenceinenergyformisexothermicandendothermic,theenergyisclosetotheheatabsorptionandheatreleasearenotobvious.
Theexample:
C+O2CO2combustionneutralizationreaction,themetalreactswithacidZn+2HClZnCl2+H2=CaO+H2OCa(OH)2isanexothermicreaction
Endothermicreactionexamples:
C+CO2(OH)2COH2+CuOCu+H2OBa8H2O+2NH4ClBaCl2+8NH3=+10H2O2?
2.combustion
Generallyspeaking,combustionreferstotheburningandheatingoffuelandoxygenintheair.Therearetwoconditionsforcombustion
Oneiscombustibleincontactwithoxygen,twoiscombustibletemperaturereachedtheignitionpoint.
Sufficientcombustionconditions:
first,thereisenoughair;two,thereisalargeenoughcontactsurfacewiththeair
Theharmofinadequatecombustion:
lessheat,wasteofresourcesandpollutants
Fossilburningincludes:
oil,naturalgas,coal,nonrenewableenergy
Fullutilizationofcoalanddevelopmentofnewtechnology:
newtypepulverizedcoalcombustionmachine;gasificationandliquefactionofcoal;convertedtowatergasordrydistillationgas
Knowledgeofalkalinemetal
First,alkalimetalisatypicalmetalelementfamily.Themaincontentsareasfollows:
1,knowledgenetwork:
sodium
Coreknowledge
I.
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