自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门The basic rules and tricks of phonics.docx
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自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门The basic rules and tricks of phonics.docx
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自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门Thebasicrulesandtricksofphonics
自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门(Thebasicrulesandtricksofphonics)
Phonics(Phonics)isamethodofreadinganEnglishwordandpronouncingitoutaccordingtothepronunciationofthelettersintheword.InkindergartensandschoolsintheUnitedStates,childrenhavebeentaughtphonicssincetheywerethreeyearsold,amethodusedbyAmericanchildrentolearntheirmothertongue.
Englishisalphabeticwriting,allwordsarespelledoutby26letters,butinthetensofthousandsofdifferentspellingsinpronunciationfactorsisonly39-47,whichshows26lettersandphonemesareacertainassociation.However,Englishismoreesotericalphabeticwriting,thatisnotaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthe26lettersandphonemes,butonetomanyandmanytoonecomplexrelationship,thespellingandpronunciationofEnglishvocabularylearningwillincreasethedifficulty.Nevertheless,peoplehavesummedupalotofpronunciationrules,whichareapplicabletomostEnglishwords.Thisiscalledphonics.IntheUnitedStates,childrenhavetomasterphonicsatschoolfirst.Theyshouldmasterallthebasicrulesbeforetheyreachthethreegrade,andbecomeaskilledreader.Tograspthebasicrulesofphonics,studentswillneedtorelyonalotofreadingtoincreasevocabulary,richcorrespondencebetweenlettersandsoundsinthemind,tobeabletoknownotthenewrulesofpronunciationvocabularypronunciationmaketherightguess,atthisstage,itcanbesaidtohavebeencompletelymasterEnglishreading.
EducationalexpertsintheUnitedStatesdefinetheprocessofchildreadingasthefollowingfivestep-by-stepsteps:
1.PhonemicAwareness(phonemicawarenessformation)
2.AlphabeticPrinciple(Masteringtherulesofalphabeticpronunciation)
3.Accuracy&Fluency(accuracyandproficiencyinwordmastering)
4.Vocabulary(enlargedvocabulary)
5.Comprehension(perfectcombinationofreadingandunderstanding)
Generallyspeaking,Americanchildrenattheageofthreeorfour,26lettersEnglishbegantolearn,andlearntotheseletterwords,thistimethechild,mosthavemastered26letters,buttheirpronunciationisjustavagueunderstanding,alsocannotcompletelytakethepronunciationofthelettersandwordsup.TeachersandparentswhopayattentiontoEnglishreadingwilloftenreadchildren'sbooks,whilereadingthemwiththeirfingersinthecorrespondingtext,sothatchildrengraduallyestablishthepronunciationofwordsandthecorrespondingrelationshipoftext.Thisstageisthephonemeawarenessformationstage(Phonemic,Awareness).
Whenthechildrenwerefiveyearsold,hasofficiallyenteredtheprimaryschool(Kindergarten),preschoolchildreneducationbegansystematic,teachersbegantosystematicallyexplaineachlettersoundsandinitialsoundwordandtheendingtone,pronunciationshortvowels,themostbasic,andexercisethechildtheysawawordaftertheyreadout(Sounditout.),atthesametimetoteachchildrenhowtolistento,accordingtotheteacher'spronunciationspellingoutwords.Thisphasemixestheabovefirst,secondprocesses(Phonemic,Awareness,Alphabetic,Principle).
Thechildreninthelearningphase,spellingoftenmakemanymistakes,suchastheword"cat"manychildrenwillwrite"Kat","duck"as"DUK",atthistimetheteacherwilladviseparentsnottohelpchildrentocorrect,becausethisisanecessarystage,thechildrenaretolearnpronunciation,etc.knowledgegraduallyenriched,andgraduallyincreasetheamountofreading,thechildrenwillrealizethatsometimes"C"and"K"arepronouncedthesame,but"cat"is"C"insteadof"K","CK"and"K"ispronouncedthesame,but"duck"mustbe"CK"andsoon.Afterayearofstudyandconsolidation,
Thechildrencanreadthesimplelettersofthreeorfourlettersandpronouncethemaloud.Theycanalsospellthewordcorrectlywhentheyheartheteacher.
Inprimaryschoolgradeoneortwo(Grade1&2),teachersgraduallyteachsomeslightlymorecomplexcombinationsofwordsandpronunciationrules,suchasmanydoubleconsonants,multisyllablewords,longvowels,multitoneandirregularvoweletc..Basicallyinthesecondgradeafterthechildrenhavebasicallymasteredmostoftheessenceofphonics,readinghasnomajorobstacles,atthistimetheteacher'steachingfocusistransferredtoreadingcomprehension,deepergrammar,writingandsoontoenterthethird,fourth,fifthstage.Afterreadingtherulesofpronunciation,thechildrenaremoreinterestedinreading,becausebytakingabook,thechildrencanreadmostofthewords,whichwillbeagreatachievementforthechildren!
ItisworthmentioningthattheEnglishclassesinthelowergradesintheUnitedStatesarebasicallythroughreading.Inclass,itmaybethattheteacherguidesthestudenttoread,ormaybethestudentreadsithimself.Afterreading,thestudentwillanswertheteacher'squestionsandretellthegistofthestory.Thestudentsarenottheonlyfixedoneortwotextbooksfortheteachingmaterial,butatleastaweekreadingabookfortheirdegreeofbooksinclass,everystudentisalsorequiredtoprovidethismonthtotheteacherextracurricularreadinglist,thesourceofthesebooks,isapubliclibrary,eachstudentinthecampus,basicallyformylibrarycard.Thelibraryhasalargenumberofbookssuitableforchildrenofallagesandlevels.Somebookshaveonlyafewwords,somehavemorethan100vocabulary,andsomehavehundredsoreventhousandsofbooks.Lowgradechildrenareoftenseenholdingpicturebooksandsimplebooks,andolderchildrenholdalargebookwithgreatrelish.
PhonicsistheonlywayforAmericanschoolchildrentolearntoread.Thefollowingtablelistsafew,theprimaryschoolfromkindergartentothethirdgradebasicrequirementsinthereading,itcanbeaglimpseofphonicsmasteryofseveralcriteria:
LetterNamingFluency(SoundsFluency,Initialalphabet)(initialsoundresolution),PhonemicSegmentationFluency,NonsenseWord(phonemedecomposition)Fluency(nonsensewordsread),OralReadingFluencytoreachandgraspphonicsmethod(oralreadingfluency).
IntheUnitedStates,althoughtherearesomechildrenlearnpronunciationrulesafterreading,butcannotfullyunderstandthecontentsofthebook,butmostofthechildrentoreadandunderstandorsynchronousdevelopment,becauseAmericanchildrengrewupinanEnglishenvironment,canspeakaword,justreadout,themajorityofchildrenitistounderstandthemeaningof.ButforChinesechildrenwhoarenotnativespeakersofEnglish,thereisstillabiggapbetweenreadingandreading.Thisisalsoanimportantreasonwhymanyparentsdoubtwhethernaturalphonicscanmakesenseinchina.
Basicrulesandtricksofphonics(Part1)
Englishisalphabeticwriting,allwordsarespelledoutby26letters,butinthetensofthousandsofdifferentspellingsinpronunciationfactorsisonly39-47,whichshows26lettersandphonemesareacertainassociation.However,Englishismoreesotericalphabeticwriting,thatisnotaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthe26lettersandphonemes,butonetomanyandmanytoonecomplexrelationship,thespellingandpronunciationofEnglishvocabularylearningwillincreasethedifficulty.Nevertheless,peoplehavesummedupalotofpronunciationrules,whichareapplicabletomostEnglishwords.Thisiscalledphonics.The26lettersofEnglisharedividedintovowelsandconsonants,withonly5vowels,namely,a,e,I,O,u,andtherestareconsonants.Formostconsonants,theirpronunciationisonetoone,
Andafewconsonants,eachwithtwoormorepronunciations.
Aconsonantcorrespondingtothepronunciation:
B--BallD--dogF--fish
H--hatJ--jumpK--kite
L--legm--mann--not
P-penQ-quickR-run
S--SunT--tenV--vest
W--waterZ--Zoo
(notethatQanduarealwayslinkedtogether.)
Aconsonantwithmorethanoneconsonant:
Examplesofletterpronunciations
WhentheletterCisfollowedbya,O,u,thepronunciationofCisthesameasthatoftheletterK.Itiscalled"hard,C,sound",cat,cap,call,coat,C,cup
Whentheletter"C"isfollowedby"e","I"or"Y",usuallythepronunciationofCisthesameasthatoftheletterS.Itiscalled"softCsound","city","ice","rice","face","cell","cent","voice","pencil","juice"
Sometimes,infrontofEorI,Csends/sh/sound,ocean,racial,social
Glettersg,followedbya,O,u,thesoundiscalled"hard,G,sound",girl,gas,get,give,go
WhentheletterGfollowedbyE,I,orY,sometimesGJsoundsandlettersarepronouncedthesame,called"softage,change,Gmusicginger,Egypt,gentle,giraffe,forget,give,badgespecialcase:
GirlGhardsound
Xxsendsthe/ks/sound"box","next","mix","six","Fox"inthemiddleorendoftheword
Xsometimessounds"/gz/"inthemiddleoftheword"exit","exam","exact"
Xsendsthe/z/sound"xylophone"atthestartoftheword"Xerox"
YYispronouncedasconsonants,yes,you,yard,year,yellintheactuallocationoftheword
Yisusedasavowelinthemiddleorattheendofawordorsyllable
Yattheend,whenthewordhasonlyonesyllable,theYmakesalong/i/sound,
Yattheend,whenthewordhastwoormoresyllables,theYislong/e/
Ymakesshort/i/soundsinthemiddleofwordsorsyllables
Smalltest:
my,cry,fly,sky
Baby,happy,puppy,hurry
Gym,nymph
Thebasicrulesandtricksofphonics(two)
Phonicstwo
Thepronunciationofconsonantcombinationsissimple,thatis,tolinkeachconsonant'spronunciationtogether.Whyshouldtheyseparate,oneimportantreasonisthateachconsonantcombinationisviewedasawhole,whensyllabicationiscannotseparatetheseconsonantcombinat
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