English lexicology 英语词汇学重点讲解.docx
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English lexicology 英语词汇学重点讲解.docx
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Englishlexicology英语词汇学重点讲解
Englishlexicology
英语词汇学
Chapter1basicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary
Classificationofwords
Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheenglishvocabulary
Modesofvocabularydevelopment1150
Chapter3wordformation
Morphemes,allomorphs
Chapter4wordformation2
1.Affixation,prefixationsuffixation,
2.Compounding(characteristicsformation)
3.Conversion,blending,clipping,acronymy
4.Initialisms,acronyms
5.Back-formation,wordsfrompropernames
Chapter5wordmeaning
1.Themeaningsof‘meaning’
2.Reference,concept,sense
3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological,semantic,etymological)
4.Typesofmeaning
Chapter6senserelationsandsemanticfield
Polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy
Chapter7changesinwordmeaning
Extension,narrowing,elevation,degradation
Chapter8meaningandcontext
1.Typesofcontext(extra-linguistic,linguistic)
2.Roleofcontext
a.eliminationofambiguity
b.indicationofreference
c.Provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning
Chapter9englishidioms
1.Classificationofidioms(nominal,adjectival,verbal,adverbial)
2.sentenceanduse
Chapter10englishDictionaries
Typesofdictionary,threegoodDictionary
a.Longmandictionaryofcontemporary
b.CollinsCOBUILDenglishDictionary
c.AChinese-englishDictionary
Unit1
Methodsofstudy,therearegenerallytwoapproachestothestudyofwords,namelysynchronicanddiachronic
Aimsandsignificanceofthecourse
Languagestudyinvolvesthestudyofspeechsounds,grammarandvocabulary.vocabularyhasprovedparticularlyimportantandcertainlythemostdifficult.Willkinsasserts‘withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed’Agoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructureofenglishwordsandrulesofword-formationwillhelplearnersdevelopetheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreasetheirwordpower.
Vocabulary
Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.
Thetermvocabularyisusedindifferentsenses
1.Itcanreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage
2.Itcanstandsforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod
3.Alsousedtoallthewordsofagivendialect
Classificationofwords
Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin
Basicwordstockhavecharacteristics
1.Allnationalcharacter
2.Stability
3.Productivity
4.Polysemy
5.Collocability
6Neutralinstyle
7Frequentinuse
Wordsvoid(lack)ofthestatedcharacters,donotbelongtothecommoncoreofthelanguage,theyincludethefollowing:
Terminology术语,专有名词
Jargon
Slang俚语,黑话
Argot
Dialectalwords
Archaisms
Neologisms
Contentwords(=notionalwords)andfunctionwords(=emptywords)
Nativewordsandborrowedwords
Apartfromthecharacteristicsmentionedofthebasicwordstock,incontrasttoborrowedwords,nativewordshavetwootherfeatures
Neutralinstyle
Frequentinuse
Borrowingwords:
wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsandloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms
Loanwordsunderfourclasses
Denizens同化词
Aliens异化词
Translation-loans译借词
Semantic-loans借意词
TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily
Whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar,theIndo-Europeisoneofthem.itisthoughttobeahighlyinflectedlanguage
Theyaccordinglyfallintoeightprinciplegroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternset:
Balto-slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian;aWesternset;Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic
Ahistoricaloverviewoftheenglishvocabulary
ThefirstpeopleknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts
ThesecondmajorlanguageknowninEnglandwastheLatinoftheRomanLegions
450-
Modesofvocabularydevelopment
Wecanconcludedthatmodernenglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels<>creation,semanticchange,borrowing
Creationreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterialsnamelyroots,affixesandotherelements
Semanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed
Borrowinghaspalyedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes
Morphemes:
minimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes,inotherwords,themorphemesis‘thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords’
Chapter5Wordmeaning
Wordsarebutsymbols,manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquiredreference.
1.referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Thereferenceawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitrary<随意的>andconventional<传统的>
2.Concept<概念>=notion
Inmanycasesmeaningisusedinthesenseof‘concept’meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical
3.Sense:
generallyspeaking,themeaningof‘meaning’isperhapswhatistermed‘sense’.‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.
Motivation<理据>
Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning
Onomatopoeicmotivation拟声的理据
Morphologicalmotivation形态的理据
Semanticmotivation语义<联想>的理据
Semanticmotivationreferstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword
Etymologicalmotivation词源的理据
Themeaningifmanywordsoftenrelateddirectlytotheirorigins,
Typesofmeaning
a.GrammaticalmeaninganLexicalmeaning语法和词汇意义
b.Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning概念和联想意义
Chapter6
Thesubjectsthathavelongheldtheinterestandattentionofsemanticistsare,polysemy多义的,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy,andhyponymy
Twoapproachestopolysemy
Diachronicapproachandsynchronicapproach
Themeaningswereacquiredbyextension,narrowing,analogy,transfer
Thedevelopmentofword-meaningfrommonosemytopolysemyfollowstwocourses,traditionallyknownasradiationandconcatenation
Homonymy
Basedonthedegreeofsimilarity,homonymsfallintothreeclasses:
perfecthomonyms,homographsandhomophones
1.Perfecthomonymsarewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspellingbutdifferentmeaning.
Bankn.Theedgeoftheriver,lake
Bankn.Anestablishmentformoneybusiness
Bearn.Alargeheavyanimal
Bearv.Toputupwith
Daten.Akindoffruit
Daten.Aboyoragirlfriend
2.Homographsarewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning
Bown.Bendingtheheadasagreeting
Bown.Thedeviceusedforshootingarrows
Sowv.Toscatterseeds
Sown.Femaleadultpig
3.Homophonesarewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning
Dearn.Alovedperson
Deern.akindofanimal
Righta.correct
Writev.toputdownonpaperwithapen
Riten.Ceremonialprocedure
Sonn.Amalechildofsomeone
Sunn.Theheavenlybodyfromwhichtheearthgetswarmthandlight
Ofthreetypes,homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon
Originsofhomonyms
Changeinsoundandspelling
Borrowing
Shorting
Ashomonymsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatepuns<双关>fordesiredeffectof,say,humor,sarcasmorridicule<嘲弄>
OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheyprey<折磨>onyou
So-calledpious<虔诚的>gentlemanandladies善男信女
Thesardonictoneisunmistakable讽刺的语气是不言而喻的
Synonymy
Synonymyisoneofthecharacteristicfeaturesofvocabularyofnaturallanguages
Typesofsynonyms
1.Absolutesynonymsalsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings
2.Relativesynonymyalsocallednear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofgivenquality.
Forexample.tochangeathingistoputanotherthinginitsplace;toalterathingistoalteritindifferentmannerandatdifferenttimes.’Amanchangehishabits,altershisconduct,andvarieshismannerofspeaking’
Lookatstagger/reel/totter.staggerimpliesunsteadymovementcharactersbyalossofbalanceandfailuretomaintainafixedcourse.Staggerunderaheavyload;reelsuggestsaswayingorlurchingsoastoappearonthevergeoffalling.
Silent沉默的,无言的,寂静的/tacit,shine闪耀,发光/glitter华丽夺目,炫耀/sparkle闪耀,活跃,焕发活力和才智/glare强光,瞪眼,炫耀,different/various,idle空闲的,懒惰的,无意义的/lazy/indolent,strange奇怪的/odd古怪的/queer,古怪的,可疑的large/huge庞大的/tremendous极大的,巨大的,惊人的,极好的/colossal
Sourcesofsynonyms
1.Borrowing
Asaresultoftheborrowing,wordsofnativeoriginformmanycoupletsandtripletswiththosefromotherlanguage
2.Dialectsandregionalenglish
3.Figurativeaneuphemistic
4.Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions
Discriminationofsynonyms
Thedifferencesbetweensynonymsboildowntothreeareas:
denotation,connotation,andapplication
1.Differenceindenotation.
‘Ididnotcomprehendhisarguments,althoughiunderstoodthelanguage,andallthesentences’
Alumpofsugar一块糖,asliceofmeat一片肉,achunkofwood,asheetofpaperAcakeofsoap
Typesofantonyms
1.Contradictoryterms
Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother
Anotherdistinctivefeatureofthiscategory<类型>isthatsuchantonymsarenon-gradable
2.Contraryterms
3.Relativeterms
Holdswater<站得住脚的>
Charactersofantonyms
1.Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.wordsdenotingnature,qualityorstateofthingshavemanyanto
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