工作分解结构研究 study on work brakdown structure.docx
- 文档编号:29578796
- 上传时间:2023-07-24
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:13
- 大小:171.23KB
工作分解结构研究 study on work brakdown structure.docx
《工作分解结构研究 study on work brakdown structure.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《工作分解结构研究 study on work brakdown structure.docx(13页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
工作分解结构研究studyonworkbrakdownstructure
StudyonWorkBreakdownStructure
李传豹Aaron
StudentsNumber:
2015052700
Tel:
+86-137********
E-mail:
*********************
Abstract
Purpose-Workbreakdownstructureisaveryusefultoolofprojectmanagement.Agoodprojectmanagermustlearnhowtodecomposeandcomposeaproject.Workbreakdownstructurerequiresamanagertosimplifyacomplicatedprojectbydecomposingtheprojectintomanysmallparts.Andthentheprojectmanagergiveaspecificplanfordifferentparts.Throughthisway,theprojectishopefullyconductedstepbystep.Atfirst,thepaperwillgiveanaccuratedefinitionofworkbreakdownstructure,anddiscusstheimportanceofworkbreakdownstructureinprojectmanagement.Later,theattentionismainlypaidtothepracticeofworkbreakdownstructureinprojectmanagement.Itincludesthebasicstructureofworkbreakdownstructure,theprocessonestablishingworkbreakdownstructure,anddifferentwaysforvarioustypesofprojectstosetupworkbreakdownstructure.
Approach-Inordertowriteapracticalpaper,thewritercollectedalotoftheses.Bycomparingmanydifferentviewsandpracticalmethods,thewritersortedouttheappropriateones.Finally,theseviewsandmethodswhichhavebeensortedoutareoptimizedbythewriterbasedontheprincipleofintegrity.Andthen,thepapercomesout.
Value–Differentfromthosetheoreticalarticles,thispaperisfocusingontheimportanceofpractice.Thispaperisgoingtobeapracticalguidefortheuserofworkbreakdownstructure.
KeywordsWorkbreakdownStructure,Practice,Projectmanagement,Practicalmethods
.DefinitionofWorkBreakdownStructure
A workbreakdownstructure (WBS)isatoolthatprojectmanagersusetoprogressivelydividetheworkofaprojectintosmallerandsmallerpieces.TheProjectManagementBodyofKnowledgedefinestheworkbreakdownstructureasa"deliverableorientedhierarchicaldecompositionoftheworktobeexecutedbytheprojectteam."Theworkbreakdownstructurevisuallydefinesthescopeintomanageablechunksthataprojectteamcanunderstand,aseachleveloftheworkbreakdownstructureprovidesfurtherdefinitionanddetail.
Theprojectteamcreatestheprojectworkbreakdownstructurebyidentifyingthemajorfunctionaldeliverablesandsubdividingthosedeliverablesintosmallersystemsandsub-deliverables.Thesesub-deliverablesarefurtherdecomposeduntilasinglepersoncanbeassigned.Atthislevel,thespecificworkpackagesarerequiredtoproducethesub-deliverableareidentifiedandgroupedtogether.Theworkpackagerepresentsthelistoftasksor"to-dos"toproducethespecificunitofwork.Ifyou'veseendetailedprojectschedules,thenyou'llrecognizethetasksundertheworkpackageasthe"stuff"peopleneedtocompletebyaspecifictimeandwithinaspecificlevelofeffort.
Fromacostperspective,theseworkpackagesareusuallygroupedandassignedtoaspecificdepartmenttoproducethework.Thesedepartments,orcostaccounts,aredefinedinanorganizationalbreakdownstructureandareallocatedabudgettoproducethespecificdeliverables.Byintegratingthecostaccountsfromtheorganizationalbreakdownstructureandtheproject'sworkbreakdownstructure,theentireorganizationcantrackfinancialprogressinadditiontoprojectperformance
.WhyUseaWBS?
Theworkbreakdownstructurehasanumberofbenefits.Itiswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthemostessentialprojectmanagementtools.Planningprojectsrequiresdisciplineandvisibility.AWBScanusedasapictorialrepresentationofprojectactivities.ByusingasystematicprocessforcreatingWBS,projectteammemberscanensurethattheyrememberallmajorportionsofworktobeaccomplished.
Aprojectbudgetcanbeallocatedtothetoplevelsoftheworkbreakdownstructure,anddepartmentbudgetscanbequicklycalculatedbasedontheeachproject'sworkbreakdownstructure.Byallocatingtimeandcostestimatestospecificsectionsoftheworkbreakdownstructure,aprojectscheduleandbudgetcanbequicklydeveloped.Astheprojectexecutes,specificsectionsoftheworkbreakdownstructurecanbetrackedtoidentifyprojectcostperformanceandidentifyissuesandproblemareasintheprojectorganization.
Projectworkbreakdownstructurescanalsobeusedtoidentifypotentialrisksinagivenproject.Ifaworkbreakdownstructurehasabranchthatisnotwelldefinedthenitrepresentsascopedefinitionrisk.Theserisksshouldbetrackedinaprojectlogandreviewedastheprojectexecutes.Byintegratingtheworkbreakdownstructurewithanorganizationalbreakdownstructure,theprojectmanagercanalsoidentifycommunicationpointsandformulateacommunicationplanacrosstheprojectorganization.
Whenaprojectisfallingbehind,referringtheworkbreakdownstructurewillquicklyidentifythemajordeliverablesimpactedbyafailingworkpackageorlatesub-deliverable.Theworkbreakdownstructurecanalsobecolorcodedtorepresentsub-deliverablestatus.Assigningcolorsofredforlate,yellowforatrisk,greenforon-target,andblueforcompleteddeliverablesisaneffectivewaytoproduceaheat-mapofprojectprogressanddrawmanagement'sattentiontokeyareasoftheworkbreakdownstructure.
.WBSFormats
TherearemanyformatsforconstructingaWBS.
1.OrgChartFormat
InanorgchartformatofWBS,wedividetheprojectsintoindividualitems,unitprojects,portionedprojects,andsubdivisionalworksaccordingtodifferentlevels.ThisformateffectivelyportraysanoverviewofyourprojectandthehierarchicalrelationshipsofdifferentWBScomponentsatthehighestlevels.However,becausethisformatgenerallyrequiresalotofspace,it’slesseffectivefordisplayinglargeWBSs.
Graph1.WBSinOrgChartFormat
2.IndentedOutlineFormat
The indentedoutlineformat isanotherwaytodisplayaWBS.ThisformatallowsustoreadandunderstandacomplexWBSwithmanycomponents.However,youcaneasilygetlostinthedetailsofalargeprojectwiththisformatandforgethowthepiecesallfittogether.Nowweusetheprojectofahouseasacasetoshowtheindentedoutlineformat.
HOUSE
·FramedHouse
-FramingContractor
-Wood
-AssembledFrame
·WiredHouse
-WiringContractor
-Wiring
-InstalledWiring
·DrywalledHouse
-DrywallContractor
-Drywall
-HungDrywall
3.FreeFormat
The free-chartformat isparticularlyeffectivefordisplayingtheresultsofthebrainstormingapproachtodevelopyourWBSforbothsmallandlargeprojects.Weusetheprojectreportasacase:
Thebubbleinthecenterrepresentstheentireproject(inthiscase,Report).LinesfromthecenterbubbleleadtoLevel2breakouts(inthiscase,Draftreport,Reviewsofdraft, and Finalreport).LinesfromeachLevel2componentleadtoLevel3componentsrelatedtotheLevel2component.(Inthiscase,theLevel2componentFinalreport consistsofthetwoLevel3components Typedfinalreportand Printedfinalreport.)
Graph2.WBSinFreeChart
Thefreeformnatureofthefreechartformatallowsustoeasilyrecordthoughtsgeneratedduringabrainstormingsession.Wecanalsoeasilyrearrangecomponentsasyouproceedwithyouranalysis.
.HowtoConstructaWBS
1.WorkPackages
Aworkpackageisagroupofrelatedtaskswithinaproject.Becausetheylooklikeprojectsthemselves,theyareoftenthoughtofassub-projectswithinalargerproject.WorkpackagesarethesmallestunitofworkthataprojectcanbebrokendowntowhencreatingyourWBS.Tasksaretypicallygroupedintoworkpackagesbasedongeographicalarea,engineeringdiscipline,technology,orthetimeneededtoaccomplishthem.
Workpackagesneedtobedetailedenoughtofacilitatefurtherplanningandcontrol.Iftheyaretoodetailed,italsoincreasestheburdenoftrackingdetails.Theprojectmanagerneedsfeelconfidentthatweworkcanbeassignedtoonepersonwhocanestimatethescheduleandcostandcanberesponsibleforitscompletion.Thefollowingisthestandardofaworkpackageattheactivitylevel:
·canberealisticallyandconfidentlyestimated;
·makesnosensepracticallytobreakdownanyfurther;
·canbecompletedinaccordancewithoneoftheheuristicsdefinedabove;
·producesadeliverablewhichismeasurable;and
·formsauniquepackageofworkwhichcanbeoutsourcedorcontractedout.
Graph3.WBSDepictingWorkPackages(WP=WorkPackages)
2.TheProcessofEstablishingWBS
(a)Identifythehighleveldeliverables.
Youcangetthesefromtheprojectcharterorscopestatement.Forexample,onaconstructionprojectyourhighleveltasksmayinclude:
·investigations
·DesignandCost
·Obtainingconsentsandapprovals
·Procurement
·Construction
·Testing,CommissioningandHandover
(b)Identifysubtasks
WorkdownwardfromthehighleveltasksidentifiedinStep(a)andbreakeachhighleveltaskintothelowerlevelsubordinatetasksrequiredtoproducethedeliverable.
(c)Describeeachtask
Thedescriptiontypicallyanswersthewho,whatandwhere.Whowillbedoingthework?
Whatdoestheworkcover?
Wheredoesthisworktakeplace?
Savethewhenforlater,thisisaddressedwhenyoudoyourprojectworkschedule.Projectteammembersusethisdescriptiontodeterminethescopeoftheworkpackagestheyhavebeenassigned.
3.BasicPrinciplesofWBSDecomposition
Afterthe3threestepsofestablishingaWBS,it’snecessaryforustoreviewtheWBSundersomebasicprinciples.
·EachcomponentintheWBSneedstohaveauniquenameandspecificplace.Itisimportantthatthereisnooverlapinscopedefinitionbetweendifferentelementsofaworkbreakdownstructure.Thisambiguitycouldresultinduplicatedworkormiscommunica
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 工作分解结构研究 study on work brakdown structure 工作 分解 结构 研究