大学英语自学教程.docx
- 文档编号:29583288
- 上传时间:2023-07-24
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:155
- 大小:114.99KB
大学英语自学教程.docx
《大学英语自学教程.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《大学英语自学教程.docx(155页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
大学英语自学教程
大学英语自学教程(下册)WORD文本
Unit1
TextA
NewWords
organizationala.组织(上)的
goaln.1.目的,目标;2.得分进球,球门
objective
n.目标,目的a.1.客观的,真实的;2.如实的,无偏见的
accomplishvt.完成(任务等)
predictvt./vi.预言;预示
accompanyvt.1.伴随,陪同;2.为...伴奏
implementvt.实现;完成(任务等)履历(协定,诺言等)
constraintn.1.强制;2.强制因素,制约条件
precedentn.先例,前例
simplifyvt.简化
tendency趋势,倾向
manageriala.1.经理的,管理人的;2.管理上的,经营上的
makern.制造者;制造商
achievementn.1.完成,达到;2.成就,成绩
attainvt.达到;完成
optimala.最适宜的;最理想的
suboptimizationn.局部最优化
trade-offn.1.权衡;2.物物交换
arguevt./vi.争辨争论辩论vt.1.说服;2.用辩论证明
budgetn.预算vt.1.把..编入预算;2.安排,预定
schemen.计划,方案vt./vi.计划,策划
definevt.1.解释,给..下定义;2.限定,规定
multiplea.多样的,复合的n.倍数
profitabilityn.赚钱,获利
correctnessn.正确,正确性
unintendeda.非计划中的非故意的
ongoinga.进行中的,前进的
entityn.1.存在,实体;2.统一性
skilleda.熟练的;有技能的
PhrasesandExpressions
intheway挡路;碍事tomakeaguessat猜测
andthelike等等,诸如此类
toseekto(inf.)追求,争取
inpart部分地,在某种程度上pointofview观点
WhatisaDecision?
Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofaction
thatareavailable.
Thepurposeofmakingadecision
istoestablishandachieveorganizationalgoalsandobjectives.
Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,
goalsorobjectivesarewrong,
orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.
Thusthedecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltomanagement.
Almosteverythingamanagerdoesinvolvesdecisions,
indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessisdecisionmaking.
Althoughmanagerscannotpredictthefuture,
manyoftheirdecisionsrequire
thattheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents
Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguess
atwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveasliltleaspossibletochance,
butsinceuncertain-tyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.
Sometimestheconsequencesofapoordecisionareslight,
atothertimestheyareserious.
Choiceistheopportunitytoselectamongalternatives.
Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.
Decisionmakingistheprocessofchoosing,
andmanydecisionshaveabroadrangeofchoice.
Forexample,astudentmaybeabletochoose
amonganumberofdifferentcourses
inordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtainacollegedegree.
Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstrainsbasedonpolicies,
procedures,laws,precedentsandthelike.
Theseconstraintsexistatalllevelsoftheorganization
Alternativesarethepossiblecoursesofactionfromwhichchoicescanbemade.
Iftherearenoalternatives,thereisnochoice
and,therefore,nodecision.
Ifnoalternativesareseen,
oftenitmeansthatathoroughjobofexaminingtheproblems
hasnotbeendone.
Forexample,mangerssometimestreatproblemsinaneither/orfashion.
thisistheirwayofsimplifyingcomplexproblems.
Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.
Atthemanageriallevel,
decisionmakingincludeslimitingalternativesaswellasidentifyingthem,
andtherangeisfromhighlylimitedtopracticallyunlimited.
Decisionmakersmusthavesomewayofdetermining
whichofseveralalternativesisbest--
thatis,whichcontr-ibutesthemosttotheachievementoforganizationalgoals.
Anorganizationalgoalisanend
orastateofaffairstheorganiz-ationseekstoreach.
Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)
frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,
thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.
Frequently,departmentsorunitswithinanorganizat-ionmakedecisions
thataregoodforthemindividually
butthatarelessthanoptimalforthelargerorganization.
Calledsuboptimization
thisisatrade-offthatincreasestheadvantagestooneunitorfunction
butdecreasestheadvantagestoanotherunitorfunction.
Forexample,
themarketingmanagermayargueeffectively
foranincreasedadvertisingbudget.
Inthelargerschemeofthings,however,
increasedfundingforresearchtoimprovetheproducts
mightbemorebeneficialtotheorganization.
Thesetrade-offsoccurbecausetherearemanyobjectives
thatorganizationswishtoattainsimultaneously.
Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,
buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoften
varyfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.
Differentmanagersdefinethesameproblemindifferentterms.
Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems
productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.
Theorderingandimportanceofmultipleobjectivesisalsobased,inpart,
onthevaluesofthedecisionmaker.
Suchvaluesareper-sonal,theyarehardtounderstand,evenbytheindividual,
becausetheyaresodynamicandcomplex.
Inmanybusinesssituationsdifferentpeople'svaluesabout
acceptabledegreesofriskandprofitability
causedisagreementaboutthecorrectnessofdecisions.
Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.
Butfromasystemspointofview,problemshavemultiplecauses,
anddecisionshaveintendedandunintendedconsequences.
Anorganizationisanongoingentity,
andadecisionmadetodaymayhaveconsequencesfarintothefuture.
Thustheskilledmanagerlookstowardthefutureconsequencesof
currentdecisions.
TextB
NewWords
interviewvt./n.1.面谈,采访;2.面试,口试
criticismn.批评;评论
candidaten.1.候选人,候补者;2.应试者
vaguea.含糊的;不明确的
notionn.1.概念;2.想法,看法
prospectn.1.展望,景象;2.前景,前程
communityn.社区;共同体
unattractivea.无吸引力的;不引人注意的
indifferencen.冷漠;不感兴趣
interviewern.接见者;面谈者
personalityn.个性;人格;品格
prospectivea.预期的;未来的
speechlessa.1.不会说话的;2.不说话的
clarificationn.澄清,阐明
correspondencen.1.符合,一致;2.通信
photocopyvt./n.1.复印,影印;2.照相复制本
resumen.1.摘要,梗概;2.个人简历
inefficiencyn.无效;效能差
neata.整洁的;简洁的;整齐的
conservativea.1.保存的,防腐的;2.保守的,守旧的
punkn.1.阿飞;2.朋克a.颓废派的
miniskirtn.超短裙paneln.专门小组,
intimidatevt.恐吓,恫吓
clutchvt./vi.抓住,握紧
gripvt./n.1.紧握,紧夹;2.掌握,控制
painfula.1.痛苦的;2.费力的
rephrasevt.重新措辞,改用别的话表示
PhrasesandExpressions
toapplyfor申请daytodaywork日常工作
totakethetroubleto不辞劳苦,费力
toputoneselfinsomebody'splace设身处地
toone'sadvantage对某人有利
toaskfor1.请求,向...要;2.寻找
inhand手头上有
tomakesure1.查明,弄确实;2.确信
atadisadvantage处于不利地位
toturndown1.拒绝;2.调小或调低;3.翻下
SecretsofSuccessatanInterview
Thesubjectoftoday'stalkisinterviews.
Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidencewhichwillcarryyoufar.
DoyourhomeworkFirstFindoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingfor
andtheorganizationyouhopetoworkfor.
Manyoftheemploy-ersIinterviewedmadethesamecriti-cismofcandidates.
"Theyhavenoideawhatthedaytodayworkofthejobbringsabout.
Theyhavevaguenot-ionsof'furtheringthecompany'sprospects'
orof'servingthecommunity',
buthavenevertakenthetroubletofindouttheactualtasks
theywillberequiredtodo."
Donotletthisbesaidofyou.
Itshowsanunattra-ctiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob.
Takethetimetoputyourselfintotheinterviewer'splace.
Hewantssomebodywhoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonality
andarealinterestinthejob.
Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployer
canbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterview
toshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefacts
aboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.
Writedown(andremember)thequesti-onsyouwanttoasktheinterviewer(s)
sothatyouarenotspeechlesswhentheyinviteyourquestions.
Makesurethatholidaysandpayarenotthefirstthingsyouaskabout.
Ifallyourquestionshavebeenansweredduringtheinterview,reply:
"Infact,Ididhaveseveralquestions,butyouhavealreadyansweredthemall."
Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarification
ofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterview
ifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimplied,butdobepolite.
Justbeforeyougototheinterview,
lookagainattheoriginaladvertisementthatyouanswered,
anycorrespondencefromyourprospectiveemployer,
photocopiesofyourletterofapplication
orapplicationformandyourresume.
Thenyouwillrememberwhatyousaidandwhattheywant.
Thisisveryimportantifyouhaveappliedformanyjobs
inashorttime
asitiseasytobecomeconfusedandgiveanimpressionofinefficiency
Makesureyouknowwhereandwhenyouhavetoreportfortheinterview.
Gotothebuilding(butnotinsidetheoffice)adayortwobefore,ifnecessary,
tofindouthowlongthejourneytakesandwhereexactlytheplaceis.
Aimtoarrivefiveortenminutesearlyfortheactualinterview,
thenyouwillhavealittletimeinhand
andyouwillnotpanicifyouaredelayed.
Youstartatadisadvantageifyouarriveworriedandtenminuteslate.
Dressinclean,neat,conservativeclothes.
NowisNOTthetimetoexperimentwiththepunklook
or(girls)towearlow-cutdresseswithminiskirts.
Makesurethatyourshoes,handsandhair(andteeth)arecleanandneat.
Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterview
readytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.
Youmayfindyourselffacingoneinterviewerorapanel.
Thelatterisfarmoreintimidating,butdonotletitworryyoutoomuch.
Theinterviewerwillprobablyhaveatableinfrontofhim/her.
Donotputyourthingsorarmsonit.
Ifyouhaveabagoracase,putitonthefloorbesideyourchair.
Donotclutchitnervouslyor,worsestill,dropit,spillingeverything.
Shakehandsiftheintervieweroffershishandfirst.
Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffive
wantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.
Soyoudonotbeupsetifnooneoffers.
Shakehandsfirmly--aweakhandsuggestsaweakpersonality,
andacrushinggripisobviouslypainful.
Donotdropthehandassoonasyourshastouchedit
asthiswillseemtoshowyoudonotliketheotherperson.
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 大学 英语 自学 教程