Seven deadly sins.docx
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Seven deadly sins.docx
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Sevendeadlysins
Sevendeadlysins
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Forotheruses,seeSevenDeadlySins(disambiguation).
HieronymusBosch'sTheSevenDeadlySinsandtheFourLastThings
"Avarice"(2012),byJesusSolana
TheSevenDeadlySins,alsoknownastheCapitalVicesorCardinalSins,isaclassificationofobjectionablevices(partofChristianethics)thathavebeenusedsinceearlyChristiantimestoeducateandinstructChristiansconcerningfallenhumanity'stendencytosin.Thecurrentlyrecognizedversionofthesinsareusuallygivenaswrath,greed,sloth,pride,lust,envy,andgluttony.
TheCatholicChurchdividessinintotwocategories:
venialsins,inwhichguiltisrelativelyminor,andthemoreseveremortalsins.Theologically,amortalordeadlysinisbelievedtodestroythelifeofgraceandcharitywithinapersonandthuscreatesthethreatofeternaldamnation."Mortalsin,byattackingthevitalprinciplewithinus-thatis,charity-necessitatesanewinitiativeofGod'smercyandaconversionofheartwhichisnormallyaccomplished[forCatholics]withinthesettingofthesacramentofreconciliation."[1]
ToCatholicsthesevendeadlysinsdonotbelongtoanadditionalcategoryofsin.Rather,theyarethesinsthatareseenastheorigin("capital"comesfromtheLatincaput,head)oftheothersins.A"deadlysin"canbeeithervenialormortal,dependingonthesituation;but"theyarecalled'capital'becausetheyengenderothersins,othervices."[2]
Beginningintheearly14thcentury,thepopularityofthesevendeadlysinsasathemeamongEuropeanartistsofthetimeeventuallyhelpedtoingraintheminmanyareasofCatholiccultureandCatholicconsciousnessingeneralthroughouttheworld.Onemeansofsuchingrainingwasthecreationofthemnemonic"SALIGIA"basedonthefirstlettersinLatinofthesevendeadlysins:
superbia,avaritia,luxuria,invidia,gula,ira,acedia.[3]
Contents
[hide]
∙1Biblicallists
∙2DevelopmentofthetraditionalSevenSins
∙3Historicalandmoderndefinitionsofthesevendeadlysins
o3.1Lust
o3.2Gluttony
o3.3Greed
o3.4Sloth
o3.5Wrath
o3.6Envy
o3.7Pride
∙4Historicalsins
o4.1Acedia
o4.2Vainglory
∙5CatholicSevenVirtues
∙6Associationswithdemons
∙7Patterns
∙8Culturalreferences
o8.1MenningerontheDeadlySins
o8.2CulbertsonontheDeadlySins
∙9Seealso
∙10References
∙11Furtherreading
∙12Externallinks
[edit]Biblicallists
IntheBookofProverbs(Mishlai),KingSolomonstatedthattheLordspecificallyregards"sixthingstheLordhateth,andtheseventhHissouldetesteth."namely:
[4]
1.Aproudlook.
2.Alyingtongue.
3.Handsthatshedinnocentblood.
4.Aheartthatdeviseswickedplots.
5.Feetthatareswifttorunintomischief.
6.Adeceitfulwitnessthatutterethlies.
7.Himthatsowethdiscordamongbrethren.
Whiletherearesevenofthem,thislistisconsiderablydifferentfromthetraditionalone,withonlyprideclearlybeinginbothlists.
Anotherlist,giventhistimebytheEpistletotheGalatians(Galatians5:
19-21),includesmoreofthetraditionalsevensins,althoughthelistissubstantiallylonger:
adultery,fornication,uncleanness,lasciviousness,idolatry,sorcery,hatred,variance,emulations,wrath,strife,seditions,heresies,envyings,murders,drunkenness,revellings,"andsuchlike".[5]SinceSaintPaulgoesontosaythatthepersonswhocommitthesesins"shallnotinherittheKingdomofGod",theyareusuallylistedas(possible)mortalsinsratherthanCapitalVices.
[edit]DevelopmentofthetraditionalSevenSins
Anallegoricalimagedepictingthehumanheartsubjecttothesevendeadlysins,eachrepresentedbyananimal(clockwise:
toad=avarice;snake=envy;lion=wrath;snail=sloth;pig=gluttony;goat=lust;peacock=pride).
ThemodernconceptoftheSevenDeadlySinsislinkedtotheworksofthe4thcenturymonkEvagriusPonticus,wholistedeightevilthoughtsinGreekasfollows:
[6]
∙Γαστριμαργία(gastrimargia)gluttony.
∙Πορνεία(porneia)prostitution,fornication.
∙Φιλαργυρία(philargyria)avarice.
∙Ὑπερηφανία(hyperēphania)hubris-inthePhilokalia,thistermisrenderedasself-esteem.
∙Λύπη(lypē)sadness-inthePhilokalia,thistermisrenderedasenvy,sadnessatanother'sgoodfortune.
∙Ὀργή(orgē)wrath.
∙Κενοδοξία(kenodoxia)boasting.
∙Ἀκηδία(akēdia)acedia-inthePhilokalia,thistermisrenderedasdejection.
TheyweretranslatedintotheLatinofWesternChristianity(largelyduetothewritingsofJohnCassian[7]),thusbecomingpartoftheWesterntradition'sspiritualpietas(orCatholicdevotions),asfollows:
[8]
∙Gula(gluttony)
∙Fornicatio(fornication,lust)
∙Avaritia(avarice/greed)
∙Superbia(hubris,pride)
∙Tristitia(sorrow/despair/despondency)
∙Ira(Wrath)
∙Vanagloria(vainglory)
∙Acedia(acedia/shay/sloth)
These"evilthoughts"canbecollectedintothreegroups:
[8]
∙lustfulappetite(Gluttony,Fornication,andAvarice)
∙irascibility(Wrath)
∙intellect(Vainglory,sorrow,Pride,andDiscouragement)
InAD590,alittleovertwocenturiesafterEvagriuswrotehislist,PopeGregoryIrevisedthislisttoformthemorecommonSevenDeadlySins,byfolding(sorrow/despair/despondency)intoacedia,vaingloryintopride,andaddingenvy.[9]IntheorderusedbybothPopeGregoryandbyDanteAlighieriinhisepicpoemTheDivineComedy,thesevendeadlysinsareasfollows:
1.luxuria(lechery/lust)[10][11][12]
2.gula(gluttony)
3.avaritia(avarice/greed)
4.acedia(acedia/discouragement/sloth)
5.ira(wrath)
6.invidia(envy)
7.superbia(pride)
Theidentificationanddefinitionofthesevendeadlysinsovertheirhistoryhasbeenafluidprocessandtheideaofwhateachofthesevenactuallyencompasseshasevolvedovertime.Additionally,asaresultofsemanticchange:
∙socordiaslothwassubstitutedforacedia
ItisthisrevisedlistthatDanteuses.Theprocessofsemanticchangehasbeenaidedbythefactthatthepersonalitytraitsarenotcollectivelyreferredto,ineitheracohesiveorcodifiedmanner,bytheBibleitself;otherliteraryandecclesiasticalworkswereinsteadconsulted,assourcesfromwhichdefinitionsmightbedrawn.[citationneeded]PartIIofDante'sDivineComedy,Purgatorio,hasalmostcertainlybeenthebestknownsourcesincetheRenaissance.[citationneeded]
ThemodernRomanCatholicCatechismliststhesinsinLatinas"superbia,avaritia,invidia,ira,luxuria,gula,pigritiaseuacedia",withanEnglishtranslationof"pride,avarice,envy,wrath,lust,gluttony,andsloth/acedia".[13]Eachofthesevendeadlysinsnowalsohasanoppositeamongcorrespondingsevenholyvirtues(sometimesalsoreferredtoasthecontraryvirtues).Inparallelordertothesinstheyoppose,thesevenholyvirtuesarehumility,charity,kindness,patience,chastity,temperance,anddiligence.
[edit]Historicalandmoderndefinitionsofthesevendeadlysins
[edit]Lust
Lust
SanktBartholomäuschurch(Reichenthal),pulpit(1894)
Mainarticle:
Lust
Lustorlechery(carnal"luxuria")isanintensedesire.Itisusuallythoughtofasexcessivesexualwants,howeverthewordwasoriginallyageneraltermfordesire.Thereforelustcouldinvolvetheintensedesireofmoney,fame,orpoweraswell.
InDante'sPurgatorio,thepenitentwalkswithinflamestopurgehimselfoflustful/sexualthoughtsandfeelings.InDante'sInferno,unforgivensoulsofthesinoflustareblownaboutinrestlesshurricane-likewindssymbolicoftheirownlackofselfcontroltotheirlustfulpassionsinearthlylife.
[edit]Gluttony
Mainarticle:
Gluttony
Excess
(AlbertAnker,1896)
DerivedfromtheLatingluttire,meaningtogulpdownorswallow,gluttony(Latin,gula)istheover-indulgenceandover-consumptionofanythingtothepointofwaste.
InChristianreligions,itisconsideredasinbecauseoftheexcessivedesireforfood,anditswithholdingfromtheneedy.[14]
Becauseofthesescripts,gluttonycanbeinterpretedasselfishness;essentiallyplacingconcernwithone'sowninterestsabovethewell-beingorinterestsofothers.
Medievalchurchleaders(e.g.,ThomasAquinas)tookamoreexpansiveviewofgluttony,[14]arguingthatitcouldalsoincludeanobsessiveanticipationofmeals,andtheconstanteatingofdelicaciesandexcessivelycostlyfoods.[15]Aquinaswentsofarastopreparealistofsixwaystocommitgluttony,including:
∙Praepropere-eatingtoosoon.
∙Laute-eatingtooexpensively.
∙Nimis-eatingtoomuch.
∙Ardenter-eatingtooeagerly(burningly).
∙Studiose-eatingtoodaintily(keenly).
∙Forente-eatingwildly(boringly).
[edit]Greed
Mainarticle:
Greed
1909paintingTheWorshipofMammonbyEvelynDeMorgan.
Greed(Latin,avaritia),alsoknownasavariceorcovetousness,is,likelustandgluttony,asinofexcess.However,greed(asseenbythechurch)isappliedtoaveryexcessiveorrapaciousdesireandpursuitofmaterialpossessions.St.ThomasAquinaswrotethatgreedwas"asinagainstGod,justasallmortalsins,inasmuchasmancondemnsthingseternalforthesakeoftemporalthings."InDante'sPurgatory,thepenitentswereboundandlaidfacedownonthegroundforhavingconcentratedtoomuchonearthlythoughts."Avarice"ismoreofablankettermthatcandescribemanyotherexamplesofgreedybehavior.Theseincludedisloyalty,deliberatebetrayal,ortreason,[citationneeded]especiallyforpersonalgain,forexamplethroughbribery .Scavenging[citationneeded]andhoardingofmaterialsorobjects,theftandrobbery,especiallybymeansofviolence,trickery,ormanipulationofauthorityareallactionsthatmaybeinspiredbyg
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