跨文化交际上课内容unit4.docx
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跨文化交际上课内容unit4.docx
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跨文化交际上课内容unit4
✋Review
1.WhatistheHofstedemodelofculturalpattern?
2.Whatishigh-contextcommunicationandwhatislow-contextcommunication?
Howaboutthemajordifferencesbetweenahigh-contextcultureandalow-contextone?
UnitFourLanguageandCulture
I.WarmUp
Pleasereadthehumorousdialoguesonpage118,thentrytotranslatethemintoChinese.CantheyberenderedinChineseashumorousastheoriginal?
II.LanguageandCulture
1.Readthearticleof“HowIsLanguageRelatedtoCulture”.Whatdoyouthinkistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture?
1)therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:
Cultureandlanguageareintertwined相互交错andshapeeachother.Itisimpossibletoseparatethetwo.Languageisnotamatterofneutralcodesandgrammaticalrules.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentences,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Thus,wehavetobeawareoftheculturalimplicationsofthephraseifwewanttoavoidattributingaverydifferentmeaningtoitorinterpret解释itliterally.
2)Functionsoflanguage:
e.g.questions:
askingforinformation–informationquestions
alubricant润滑剂tomovetheconversationforward–socialquestions
Examples:
Howareyou?
吃了吗?
3)Themeaningofthewordscomesoutofthecontext,theculturalusage用法.
1Languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.
Example:
self-introductionofGermansandAmericans
2Languagereflectsculturalvalues.
4)Problems:
1Therearenosuchequivalentsbetweenlanguages,andwetranslateconceptsfromaforeignlanguageandculturewithwordsthatfitourpriorities优先顺序.Thereforetocommunicateconceptseffectively,culturalknowledgeisasimportantaslinguisticknowledge.
Examples:
manana/tomorrowkinshipterms亲属称谓(E&C)p125-126
2Sometimesdifferentculturesuseidentical完全相同wordsthathaveratherdifferentmeanings.
Examples:
administration,director,forcemajeure
5)Languagechangesovertime.Wordsandphrasesthatareusedcommonlyatonetimemaybediscontinuedortheirmeaningmaychangeovertime.
6)Alanguage,ifspokenindifferentpartsoftheglobe,ultimatelywilldevelopdifferently.
Examples;pidginEnglishes
2.Readthearticleof“Language-and-Culture,TwoSidesoftheSameCoin”.Howdoeslanguagereflecttheculture?
1)Languageandcultureareclearlyfused混合;onereflectstheother.
2)Language-and-Culture:
Itiscoined创造byByramandMorganin1994inordertoreflecttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture–bothunification同一andseparation.
3)Languageembodies体现theproducts,perspectives,communities,andpersonsofaculture.Membersoftheculturehavecreatedthelanguagetocarryoutalltheirculturalpractices,toidentifyandorganizealltheirculturalproducts,andtonametheunderlyingculturalperspectivesinallthevariouscommunitiesthatcomprisetheirculture.
1Languageandculturalproducts:
Manyculturalproducts–literature,taxcodes,telephonedirectories,operatinginstructions,passports–consistentirelyoflanguage.
Languageisaculturalproductinandofitself.
2Languageandculturalpractices:
Culturalpracticesalmostalwaysrequirelanguage,thelanguageofparticipation,suchasspeaking,listening,readingandwriting.
Thesocialcircumstances,thepeopleinvolved,thetopic,andanumberofotherfactorsinfluencethenatureofthelanguageused.
3Languageandculturalperspectives:
Weuselanguagetonameandunderstandtheperceptions,values,attitudes,andbeliefsthatgovernourwayoflife.Thoughlanguage,wemaketacitperspectivesexplicit.
4Languageandculturalcommunities:
Communitiesdevelopdistinctlanguagetodescribeandcarryouttheparticularpracticesandproductsassociatedwiththeirgroupanditsactivities.
5Languageandpersons:
Language,likeculture,isnotonlycollectivebutalsopersonal.Eachofususeslanguageinanidiosyncraticmanner,baseduponourbackground,experiences,socialgroups,ourpersonaloutlook,andouridentity.
3.Conclusion:
(i)LanguageandEnvironment
1)Languageisaninstrument.Worddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary.Forexample,inChinese,weliveina房子.InEnglish,weliveinahouse.
2)Languageisevenmoreanenvironment.Ithasasmuchtodowiththephilosophical哲学的andpoliticalconditioningofasocietyasgeographyorclimate.So,wecanseethatabsolutecolordesignations–white,black,red,yellow–arenotmerelyinaccurate错误的不精确;theyhavebecomesymbolicratherthandescriptive.
✐Homework:
Finishtheexercisesonpage124,trytoanalysethedifferentperceptionsofcolourterms.
1.green;2.brown;3.blue;4.white;5.black;6.yellow;7.green;8.red;9.black;10.blue,blue;11.white;12.red;13.blue;14.green;15.yellow.
(ii)LanguageandCulture
✐Homework:
Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(p146-149)
&Supplement:
WordMeanings
Weknowthatwordsrepresentmeaning.Theproblemisthattheymayrepresentseveraltypesofmeaningssimultaneously.
(i)Denotation符号andConnotation内涵
Whatisdenotation?
Whatisconnotation?
Giveexamplestoshowtheirdifference?
(p126-127)
(ii)Sevencategories类别oflexicalmeanings词汇意义
Thestudyofwordmeaningislexicalsemantics词汇语义学.Thelexicalmeaningscouldbeclassifiedintosevencategories:
conceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,collocativemeaningandthematicmeaning.
1.ConceptualMeaning(概念意义)
Wordsmayrefertoobjectsintherealworld(e.g.dog,book,river,etc.)orabstractconcepts(e.g.life,friendship,hatred,etc.)inourmind.Therelationshipbetweenawordandanobjectintherealworldoraconceptinourmindtowhichtheworldrefersistheconceptualmeaningoftheword.
2.ConnotativeMeaning(内涵意义)
Itisthecommunicativevalue交际价值anexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Theword“woman”canbedefinedconceptuallyasanadultfemalewhoisbiped两足andhasawomb子宫,whichisthephysicalfeaturesofawoman.Butseveralotherpsychologicalandsocialfeaturescanbeattributedtoher,suchas“capableofspeech”,“experiencedincookery”and“skirtordresswearing”.Theseadditionalfeaturesareitsconnotativemeaning,whichmayincludesuchfeaturesas“frail”脆弱的,“pronetotears”,“emotional”,etc.andsuchgoodqualitiesas“gentle”,“compassionate”慈悲,“sensitive”,“hard-working”,andsoon.
Ahighgovernmentofficial:
(1)politician:
engaginginpolitiesforpersonalgain;
(2)statesman政治家
3.SocialMeaning(社会意义)
Itiswhatapieceoflanguageconveys表达aboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse,whichincludesatleastlanguageusers(whoareusinglanguage),settings(whereislanguageused),andtopics(whatarethelanguageuserstalkingorwritingabout).
家:
(1)domicile:
usedinofficialorlegaldocumentsorbetweenpeoplewhoareinvolvedinofficialorlegalaffairs.
(2)residence:
usedinformaloradministrative行政、管理的circumstances.(3)abode:
apoetic诗意word,usedincreationandappreciationofpoems.(4)home:
usedineverydayspeechbetweenclassmates,colleagues,friendsorfamilymembers.
4.AffectiveMeaning(情感意义)
Itiscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage.Suchinterjections感叹词as“aha”,“myGod”,“oh”,and“dear”arechieflyusedtoconvey传达affectivemeaning.
5.ReflectedMeaning(反映意义)
Itarisesinwordsofmultiple多重的conceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Forexample,“theComforter”and“theHolyGhost”bothrefertoGodinreligiousEnglish,buttheformersoundswarmandcomforting,whilethelattersoundsawesomebecausethesearethereflectedmeaningsofthesetwoterms.
6.CollocativeMeaning(搭配意义)
Itconsistsofassociationawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit.
Nice-looking:
(1)pretty:
girl,woman,flower,garden,color,village
(2)handsome:
boy,man,car,overcoat,airliner
7.ThematicMeaning(主题意义)
Itiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizationamessage,intermsofordering,focus,oremphasis.
e.g.thesameconceptualcontent:
(1)Mr.Smithdonatedthefirstprize.
(2)ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMr.Smith.
Theactivesentenceseemstobeananswertothequestion“WhatdidMr.Smithdonate?
”,whilethepassivesentenceappearstoanswer“Whowasthefirstprizedonatedby?
”or“Whodonatedthefirstprize?
”.TheactivesentencesuggeststhatweknowwhoMr.Smithiswhilethepassiveonedoesnot.
Meanings2—7arecalledassociativemeanings.关联意义
III.LanguageandTranslation
(i)Problemsintranslationtoachieveequivalencebetweenlanguages
Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages138-142,andanswerthefollowingquestion:
Howmanytypesofequivalenceintranslationarementioned?
1.Lexicalequivalence:
2.Idiomatic[′ɪdi:
ə`mætɪk]equivalence:
likeidioms
3.Grammatical-syntacticalequivalence:
4.Experientialequivalence:
5.Conceptualequivalence
(ii)WordsandMeaning
1.WordsandCulture-specific文化特异性ConceptualMeaning
1)Wordsandgeography:
TheMississippi;theChannel;koala,kangaroo
2)Wordsandhistory:
TheMayFlower;scalp(剥带发头皮);lynch私刑;cowboy;hippie;duke;castle
3)Wordsandpolitics:
President;congress;DemocraticParty民主党;Governor-General总督
4)WordsandChristianity:
Trinity;Bible;Catholic;Protestant;Puritan
5)Wordsandholidays:
Christmasbox(圣诞节礼);Christmastide(圣诞节节期);Easter
6)Wordsandlivingstyles:
Hotdog;hamburger;pudding;cocktail;drive-ins(drive-incinemas;drive-inbanks;drive-inrestaurants);motels,diners(餐车式饭馆);baseball(垒球),striptease(脱衣舞);lovestore(色情商店);late-lateTVshows(深夜放映的色情电视片)
2.WordswithPartial局部的Equivalence
1.young,mi
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- 文化 交际 上课 内容 unit4