英美文化讲义.docx
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英美文化讲义.docx
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英美文化讲义
Whatisculture?
Firstappearedinthemiddleages,meaning“cultivatingcropsandrearingdomestic
animals”
Atpresent“culture”extendsitsapplicationtoalmosteveryaspectofsocial
life
“Oneofthemostelusiveconceptsinthehumansciences”
AccordingtoCulturalStudies,
cultureis
thewaysociallifeisexperiencedandhandled,
themeaningsandvalueswhichinformhumanactionwhichareembodiedinasocial
relationship,politicallife,etc.
----StuartHall
1.Itisabsolutelynaturalfortheexistenceofculturaldifferences.
2.Everyculturaltrait,nomatterhowabsurd,hasitsreason
3.Ifyoulike,youmayexploreintothereasonsbehind;ifnot,justrespectthe
differences.
UnitOneWhoaretheBritish?
Thenationalflag
TheUnionFlagorUnionJack,
whichembodiestheemblemsofthethreecountriesunitedunderoneSovereign
theKingdoms
ofEnglandandWales,
ofScotland,
ofIreland(since1921onlyNIreland)
TheredcrossonawhitegroundisthecrossofStGeorge,representingEngland
Thediagonal(对角线的)whitecrossonabluegroundisthecrossofStAndrewof
Scotland
ThediagonalredcrossonawhitegroundisthecrossofStPatrickofIreland
TheNationalAnthemofUK
GodSavetheQueen(King)
TheBritishIslesconsistsof
BritainandIreland
Britainisdividedinto
Scotland,WalesandEngland
Thenameofthecountryis
theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,orinshort,UK.
Surfacearea
244,100squarekilometers
approximatelythesizeofAnhuiandJiangsuprovinces
Populationin2002
59,780,000
aboutthatofAnhuiprovince
TheScots
TwogroupsofScots,namelyHighlandersfromthemountainousnorthandLowlander
fromthesoutherncities.
TheScots,especiallytheHighlanders,areproudoftheirseparateidentity.
WhatarethenationaltraitsfortheScots?
First,itis
Kilt
pleated(有褶的) skirts
madeofmaterialwithatartan(格子)
EachScottishclanhasitsowntartan.
Thesecondnationaltraitis
Bagpipe
TheScotshaveareputationforbeing
inventive
hardworking
serious-minded
cautiouswithmoney
fearless soldiers
Devilsinskirt
Ladiesformhell
Scotchiswhisky,derivedfromtheGaelic&means“wateroflife”
SomefamousScots
ThenovelistLouisStevenson(1850-94),whowroteTheTreasureIsland
ThehistorianSirWalterScott(1771-1832)
ThepoetRobertBurns(1759-96)
TheWelsh
Sheepfarmersfrommountains
&
Citydwellersinthesouth
TwopassionsfortheWelsh
Rugbyfootball(startedfromamiddleschoolinRugbyin1823)
Choralsinging
TheIrish
TheIrishenjoyarichliteraryheritage
JonathanSwift(1667-1745)
Artforart’ssake
为艺术而艺术
OscarWilde(1854-1900)
TheHappyPrince
GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950)
Mrswarren’s
profession
MyFairlady
JamesJoyce
(1882-1941)
Ulyssesandsirens
Ulysses
TheEnglish
EnglandisthelargestregioninUK
TheEnglish
occupymorethan
80%ofthewhole
population
TheEnglishisnicknamedas
JohnBull
WhoaretheEnglish?
Stereotyping(定型)isunreliable
Pleasebreakthestereotype
TheEnglisharedescendedfromsomanydifferentpeopleswhoallcameandsettledin
Englandatsometimeorother
UnitTwoWhichEnglishOriginoftheBritish
Invader
Celts
700BC-200BC
Influence
Scottish,Irish,andWelshraceandculture
Romans
55BC-AD411Latinalphabetandcivilization
Anglo-SaxonsfromDenmarkand
Germany450-600
Englishraceandlanguage
VikingfromScandinavia9th-11thcenturySomepeculiaritiesofdialectinN&E
England
NormansundertheleadershipofWilliamofNormandy
in1066
WilliamtheConqueror
FinalunificationofEnglandGreatadministrativeprocessLinktoFranceFoundation
ofaristocracy
TheHistoryofEnglishLanguage
OldEnglish
587-1066
MiddleEnglish
1066-1500
ModernEnglish
1500
ThreeinfluencesonOldEnglish
RomansLatinlanguageandalphabetwiththeintroductionofChristianity
SecondmajorinfluenceonOldEnglishGermanictribes,suchastheAngles,the
SaxonsandtheJutesEarlyformofEnglishlanguage
ThethirdinfluenceVikingsfromScandinavia
Sktogether
sky,skill,skip
g
egg
K
kid
MiddleEnglish1066-1500
WiththeNormaninvasionledbyWilliamtheConquerorin1066,NormanFrenchbecame
theofficiallanguageofEngland
MiddleEnglishistheblendofAnglo-Saxon,LatinandFrench
TherulingclassspokeFrench
ThecommonpeoplespokeAnglo-Saxonlanguage
InfluenceofNormanFrench
Wordsconnectedwith administration
sovereign,tax,assembly
Wordsaboutanoffice
chancellor,governor,treasurer
Titlesofnobility
duke,marquis,baron
ModernEnglish1500-present
Renaissance
Therevivalofclassicallearning(ancientGreekandLatin)
ModernEnglishisalsocalledThelanguageofShakespeare
(1564-1616)
ConclusionOneLanguageisdynamicEnglishisalanguagewhichhasbeenborrowing
fromotherlanguages
SouvenirsfromAbroad
TheEnglishvocabularyowesmostto
Latin
Scandinavian
French
Greek
Italian
StandardEnglishandSocialClass
BBCEnglish
Motto格言NationShallSpeakPeaceUntoNation用标准英语向世界各民族传播和平的声音
StandardEnglishorReceivedPronunciationEnglish(RP)
BBCannouncerswerechosenwhosespeechpatternsrepresentedtheeducatedsouthern
upperclass
SpeechSnobbery
Languagehasastrongassociationwithclassandsocialstatus
DatedbacktoNormantimes
SinceWWII,aconsiderablechangetakesplace
Effortsmadebysuccessivegovernments
Poprevolutionofthe1960s
Youngpeoplefromtheworkingclasstaketheleadinfashion
Americanaccent
NolongernecessarytospeakStandardEnglish
AdvicetoEnglishlearners
Prefertheconcretewordtotheabstract
Prefertheshortwordtothelong
UnitThree
EnglishHistory
SmallIslandBigHistory
TheMiddleAges
1066-15thcentury
Theclearesthistoricalitemis
1066(tensixty-six)
BattleofHastings
NormankingWilliamvs.
SaxonkingHarold
AtowninSussexonthe
southcoast
KingHaroldiskilled
Everyyearthebattleisfaithfullyre-enacted
Chainmail=Chainarmo(u)r
锁子甲
TheCrusades
Aseriesofwarsfrom11thto14thcentury
TosnatchtheHolyLand
Palestine,whereJesusChristoncelived
BritainwasaChristiancountry
Eachvillagehadits
church
TheChurch(教会)was
extremelypowerful
ThePopeinRome
TheChurchwasonegreatrivaloftheKing’sauthority
Theotherrivalwerethepowerfullocalchiefs
baron
AWarwithFrance
Lasted,onandoff,forahundredyears(15thcentury)
ItwasfoughtentirelyinFrance
EnglishbowmendefeatedFrenchknightsinbattlesofCrecyandAgincourt
ThewholeofFrancenearlyfellintoEnglishhands
Turningpoint
Theuseofgun
JoanofArc
FrenchdrovetheEnglishforgood
EnglandbecamecompletelyseveredfromFrance
TheEnglishlanguagefinallytooktheplaceofFrenchinallclasses
JoanofArc
Bornin1412-1431
Halfliterateandveryreligious
Attheageof13,sheheardthecallfromGod
Joanwasappointed
toleadthearmytoseizebackOrleans(奥尔良)
Joanwascaptured
InthebattleofCompiegne
Joanwasaccusedof
Beingawitch,asorceress,ablasphemer
Executed
In1920theChurchinRome
Claimhertruth
ThemiddleAges
In1066thebattleofHastings
TheCrusade(11th-14thcentury)
WarwithFrance(15thcentury)
TheSixteenthCentury
Europeasawholewaschangingrapidly
Theinventionofprintinghelpedthespreadofideas
Greatvoyagesofdiscovery,Columbus(1492)andVascodaGama(1497)
ImperialistexpansioninAmericancontinent
Disputeaboutreligion
FreedomofthoughtintheChristianreligion
DeclineinthePope’spoliticalandreligiouspower
Protestant-Catholichatred
ProtestantchurchessprangupinoppositiontoRomanCatholicChurch
Thefirstgreatblowisdeliveredby
HenryVIII
HenryVIIIdeclaredthat
He,insteadofthePope,washeadoftheChurchinEngland
TheEnglishChurchbrokeawayfromthecentralorganizationofChristianity
Its effects
Peoplebegantotakesides
FororagainstCatholicism
Violentmeanswereapplied
MaryI
HenryVIII’selderdaughter
adevoutCatholic
BloodyMary
HadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeath
Religiouspersecutionwasendedby
ElizabethI
Half-sisterofMary,whosemaininterestlayincreatingastrongunitedcountry
ProtestantismgraduallybecamethedominantfaithinEngland
TheElizabethanageAnageofglory
Literature
ofShakespeare
Adventureonthesea
Englishshipsbegantoexploretheworldandtradewithdistantcountries
ConflictwithSpain
Spanishshipshadbeensailingtheseasforahundredyears
SpainhadestablishedarichempireinAmericas
SpaniardswereCatholicsandhatedProtestantism
Seafightswerefrequent
ThedecisiveblowisEnglishvictoryoverthegreatSpanishfleet,theArmada
SirFrancisDrake
defeatedtheArmadawhichaimedtoattackEngland
MarkedthebeginningofanEnglishNavaltradition
TheGunpowderPlot
ThemostfamousCatholicconspiracies
AimtoblowupKingandParliamentin1605
AmanwascaughtinthecellarsoftheHouseofCommonsintheveryactofpreparing
theexplosives,GuyFawkes
GuyFawkes’Night
OnNovember5theveryyear
EffigiesofGuyFawkesareburntamidbrilliantfireworks
TheSixteenthCentury
Disputeaboutreligion
HenryVIII&BloodyMary
TheElizabethanAge
SirFrancisDrake&the
Armada
GuyFawkes’Night
TheSeventeenthCentury
Establishmentofpolitic
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