最新英美文化基础教程笔记总结英国部分.docx
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最新英美文化基础教程笔记总结英国部分.docx
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最新英美文化基础教程笔记总结英国部分
1.WhoAretheBritish?
TheScots
Characteristic:
inventive,hardworking,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoneyHighlanders:
a.theyaretheScotsliveinthemountainousregionsoftheHighlandersinNorthernScotland
b.theyareproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.
c.Livingbyfarmingsheepinthemountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandisland
Lowlanders:
MostScotsarelowlanderswholiveintheindustrializedareasofsouthScotland
Scottishnames:
a.Campbell,Macleod,Fraser,Gordon,StuartandMacdonald
b.‘Mac6rMc'meanssonof
Famouswriters:
RobertBurns(1759-96),SirWalterScott(1771-1893),RobertLouisStevenson(1850-94)
TheWelsh
Characteristic:
a.consciousoftheirseparateCelticheritage
b.famousfortheirloveofmusicandpoetryandtheyhavedevelopedchoralsingingtoanationalart.
c.theyalsohaveagreatfeelingforthemusicofwords.
TwogroupoftheWelsh:
a.Those-mostlysheepfarmers-fromthemountainousregionsofthecentreandnorth
b.Those(two-thirdsofthepopulation)wholiveandworkinthe
highlyindustrializedsouthwherecoalminingandsteel
manufacturearethemaineconomicactivities
Twopassions:
a.rugbyfootball
b.choralsingingLandofMyFather'—nationalanthem
theNationalEisteddfod:
a.EisteddfodistheWelshwordforsitting.NationalEisteddfodis
themostfamousfestivalofmusicandverseinWales
b.IttakesplaceineachAugustandlastforaboutaweek
c.ThehighlightoftheEisteddfodisacompetitionforthebestepicpoemaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh
d.ThewinneriscrownedBard,consideredthesupremehonorinWales
Welshnames:
a.Jones,Williams,Thomas,Evans,Lloyd,Llewellyn,orbeginwithP'
likePrichard,ProbertorPryse
b.ap"meanssonof
Famouswriters:
DylanThomas,GwynThomas(born1913)andRichardLlewellyn(born1970)
TheIrish
Characteristic:
a.amainlyCelticpeople
b.haverichliteraryheritagewhichisapparenttheirloveofwords
c.intheliteraryworksofIrishwriters,theIrishareportrayedasintrospectivedreamersandpoets,aswellasargumentativeandaggressive-especiallyafteradrinkingsession.
OliverCromwell:
a.LordProtectorofBritain
b.crushedvariousrebellionsinIreland,andsettledEnglishandScottishProtestantstherebygivingthemland.
c.themaindutyofthenewimmigrantswastoputdowmanyanti-BritishrevoltbythenativeIrish.
Homerule:
between1840and1900,someIrishnationalists,suchasCharlesStewartParnell,demandedsomekindofautonomyandIrishmembersoftheWestminsterParliament.TheycalledpersistentlyforthecontrolofinternalaffairsbyanassemblyinDublin.Thiswaswhattheycalledhomerule'.ThehomerulequestionledtoevenmoredisturbanceandriotsastheUlsterProtestantfearedthatanautonomousIrelandwouldbedominatedbeCatholics.
*ThewholeofIrelandwascolonizedbyEnglandin1169,andwaspartitionedin1922.The26countriesofsouthernIrelandbecametheIrishFreeState,laterrenamedtheRepublicofEire.ThesixcountriesofUlster,inthenorth,remainedpartoftheUnitedKingdomwiththeirownparliament,Stormont,responsibleforinternalaffairs.
TheOrangeDaycelebrations:
a.celebrationsheldbyProtestanton12AugusteachyearinNorthernIrelandtocommemoratetheBattleoftheRoynein1690whentheProtestantKingWilliamIII(WilliamofOrange)crushedaCatholicrebellioninLondonderry.
b.ThecelebrationswereaggressivelyprovocativeandfightingsoftenbrokeoutbetweenProtestantmarchersandCatholicbystanders
TheProvisionalIRA:
a.IRA,theIrishRepublicanArmy,isanationalistorganizationdedicatedtotheunificationofIreland
b.Itwasorganizedin1919
c.theIRArefusedtoacceptaseparateNorthernIrelandunderBritishrule
d.In1969itsplitintoanofficial'majority,whichdisclaimedviolence,andaterroristprovisional'wing,whoseattacksonBritishtroopsinNorthernIreland,randombombings,andothersactsofterrorinEnglandkepttensionshigh.
ThePeacePeople:
a.inthesummerof1976BettyWilliams,aProtestanthousewife,wassohorrifiedatthekillingoftwochildrenbyarunningIRAcarthatshedecidedtoorganizedthewomenofUlster,bothProtestantandCatholicintoapressuregroup.
b.ItisapressuregroupworkforpeaceandreconciliationinIreland.
c.WilliamsandherCatholicpartner,Corrigan,soongatheredthousandsoffollowersdespitethreatsandintimidationfrombothsides.
d.theycontinuedtopursuetheiraimsandattheendof1976thetwo
leaderswereawardedtheNobelPrizeforPeace.
Famouswritersandplaywrights:
JohnMillingtonSynge(1871-1909),JamesJoyce(1882-1941)andSeanO'asey(1880-1964)
TheEnglish
Characteristic:
Reserved,unemotional,courteous;shyofstrangers;suspiciousofchangeandslowtheacceptnewideas;solidanddependablewithahighsenseofhonesty,dutyandjustice;physicallyandmorallycourageous;consciousofhisplaceinthesocialorder,dislikinganyshowofemotionandlackofcontrol;andferventlybelievingthattheBritisharesuperiortoanyotherraceonearth.
Roman'sinfluenee:
a.theRomansinvadedEnglandin55BC,andbroughtwiththemtheirlaws,taxes,engineeringskills,architectureandsocialsystemaswellastheirIanguage,Latin,andtheirsystemofwritingandnumbering.
b.theyintroducedChristianityandwhentheydepartedinAD411,theyleftbehindawellestablishedCeltic-Romanculture.
c.theyalsoleftbehindthefirstwrittendescriptionofthelandanditspeoplesaswellasrecordsoftheiradministration.
TheNormanConquest:
a.inAD1066,WilliamofNormandyIandedhisarmyinEngland(WilliamtheConqueror)b.hedefeatedtheSaxonkingHaroldandtheEnglishsoldiers,andbecamethekingofEnglandthesameyear.
c.FrenchwasmadetheofficiallanguageandthefeudalsystemwasfirmlyestablishedinEngland.
TheCommonwealthImmigrantsAct:
Fromtheyearof1962,peoplefromcommonwealthcountriesnoIongerhadfreeentrytotheUKandcouldnotclaimautomaticfullcitizenship.
UK=theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandtheNorthernIrelandTheBritishIsles:
theBritishIsleslienorthwestofEuropeintheAtlanticOcean.Theyconsistoftwolargeislands-BritainandIreland.
NorthernIreland(Ulster):
NorthernIrelandisapartoftheUnitedKingdominthenorth-eastoftheislandofIreland.ItwaspartitionedfromtherestofIrelandduringtheIrishWarofIndependence,byanActoftheBritishParliament.NorthernIrelandsharesaborderwiththeRepublicofIrelandtothesouthandwest.NorthernIrelandislargelyself-governing.
WilliamIII:
knownasWilliamofOrange.BothhiswifeandheareProtestants.HewasthestadtholderoftheNetherlands.In1689hewasinvitedbyopponentsofJamesIItoaccepttheBritishthronewhichwasknownas"GloriousRevolution,andheruledjointlywithhiswifeMaryII(James'daughter).Inthesameyear,theBritishParliamentpassedtheBillofRightswhichlimitedthepowersofthecrown.ThusbegantheEnglishConstitutionalMonarchy.
2.EnglishHistory
TheMiddleAges
1.KingHarold:
theSaxonkingwhowasdefeatedandkilledattheBattleof
Hastingsin1066,whentheFrench-speakingNormansunderWilliamtheConquerorinvadedEnglandfromFrance
2.AlfredtheGreat:
HewasafineSaxonkingwhosuccessfullydefeatedthe
invadingDanesandwastheruleroftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessex,contributedgreatlytothemedievalEuropeanculture.HemadeWessextheAnglo-Saxonculturecenterbyintroducingteachersandscholars,foundingnewmonasteries,andpromotingtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.Healsoinspiredthecompilationofthe
Anglo-SaxonChronicles.
3.KingArthur:
a.hewasthekingofEnglandinthesixthcentury
b.littlewasknowabouthim,exceptthathewasassociatedwithCornwallandisthecentralfigureofmanylegendsabouthimandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable
4.Crusades:
theCrusadeswereaseriesofwarsintheMiddleAgesinwhich
armiesfromalloverEuropetriedtosnatchtheHolyLand'i.e.Palestine,whereJesusChristoncelived)fromtheInfidels(i.e.theMuslims)
5.RichardLion-Heart:
a.hewasaNormankingintheMiddleAges
b.hewasalsothemostfamousoftheEnglishCrusadersatthattime
c.ManystorieshavebeentoldabouthimandhisenemySaladin
6.theMagnaCarta(GreatCharter'):
a.theMagnaCarta(GreatChapter'wasadocumentsignedin1215byKingJohnundercompulsionbythepowerfulbarons
b.thepurposeoftheCharterwastomakeKingJohntorecognizetherightsofthebarons
c.TheMagnaCartaisnowintheBritishMuseum,London
7.theHundredYear)War:
a.awarbetweenEnglandandFrancewhichlasted,onandoff,forahundredyearsfrom1337to1453.
b.ItwasfoughtentirelyinFrance,andthewholeofFranceverynearlyfellintoEnglandhandsinthefamousbattlesofCrecyandAgincourt.
c.Eventually,partlythroughtheinspirationofthebravegirlJoanofArc,andpartlythroughtheeffectiveuseofguns,theFrenchdrovetheEnglishfromtheirlandforgood.
d.EnglandbecamecompletelyseveredfromFrance,andtheEnglishLanguagefinallytookplaceofFrenchinallclassesofsociety.
8.JoanofArc:
a.shewasaFrenchsaintandnationalheroine.
b.duringtheHundredYear)War,herbraveryandinspiration
providedspiritandmoraleforFrencharmies.
c.latershewascapturedandburnedatthestake.
TheSixteenthCentury
1.theWarsoftheRoses:
a.Itisthenamegiventothestruggle(1455-1486)for
thethrone
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