第二讲名词.docx
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第二讲名词.docx
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第二讲名词
第二讲:
名词
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
在句子中主要作主语、宾语和表语。
名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。
1. 可数名词指的是可以用数目来计算的词。
它包括个体名词和集体名词。
个体名词如:
building,bus,box,dish,watch,knife,job.集体名词如:
family,class,police,crew全体船员,staff全体职员。
2. 不可数名词指一般无法用数目来计算的词,不能用不定冠词a/an或者数词one等来修饰,一般没有复数形式。
物质名词如:
air,beef,bread,butter,coal,coffee,electricity,fish,fire,food,fruit,glass,gold,grass,hair,iron,juice,meat,milk,paper,pork,rain,rice,silk,snow,tea,water,wood.专有名词如:
theYellowRiver,NewYork,thepyramid,theEnglishChannal.抽象名词,如:
advice,age,charity,education,fun,health,hesitation,homework,housework,information,money,music,news,noise,rest,
Room,space,time,trouble,walk,weather,work.
注意:
抽象名词具体化得概念。
表示特性、特点、情感等的抽象名词,在表示“概念”的时候,是不可数名词,但如果表示一次具体的人,就可以当做可数名词,前面需要加a,或者an,当抽象名词具体化的时候,前面通常有形容词修饰。
常见的此类词有:
pleasure,failure,honor,beauty,success,danger,interest,knowledge,help等。
对比以下几组例子:
Ifeelnopleasureindoingthis.
Itisagreatpleasuretomeetyou.
Heansweredinsurprise.
Whatahappysurprisetoseeyouhere.
Itisdifficulttodescribethebeautyofthisplace.
Sheisreallyabeautyinthissmallvillage.
3. 如果要表达不可数名词的量,可以用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这种结构来表示数量。
aglassofwater,apieceofbread,adropofwater,apieceofnews,aseven-foot-deephole,afive-inch-thickdictionary
此外,不可数名词还可以和some,much,little,alotof,plentyof等词连用表示数量。
深圳市初中英语教材中主要的不可数名词有:
物质名词:
air,beef,bread,butter,coal,coffee,electricity,fish,fire,food,fruit,glass,grass,gold,grass,hair,iron,juice,meat,milk,paper,
pork,rain,rice,silk,snow,tea,water,wood,
抽象名词:
advice,age,charity,education,fun,health,hesitation,homework,housework,information,money,music,news,noise,rest,
room,(空间),space,time,trouble,walk,weather,work.
可数名词的复数形式
1. 规则变化
1).一般在词尾加-s如:
pen-pens,friend-friends,student-students,house-houses,roof,-roofs,gulf-gulfs,cliff-cliffs,staff-staffs,
belief-beliefs,proof-proffs,chief-chiefs
2).以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词,加-es如:
bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches.
3).以f或fe结尾的词,变f为v,再加-es,如:
wife-wives,life-lives,knife-knives,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves.
4).以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为I再加-es,如:
baby-babies,country-countries,fly-flies,lady-ladies
5).以元音字母+y结尾的词,直接加-s如:
boy-boys,key-keys,play-plays,
6)以辅音+o结尾的词,并指有生命的名词,在词尾加-es如:
patato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes.
7).元音字母+o结尾的词,一般为无生命名词,在词尾加-es如:
zoo-zoos,radio-radios,kilo-kilos,photo-photos,piano-pianos
2.不规则变化名词的数
man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,goose-geese,child-children,mouse-mice,ox-oxen
当表示某国人的时候,中日英法不需变,Chinese,Japanese,English,French,但是有的要加-s如:
Germans,Americans,
Australians,Russians.
而其他的变法也要知道:
Frenchman-Frenchmen,Englishman-Englishmen.
3有的名词单数与复数是一样的,我们称之为单复数同形,如:
Chinese,people,sheep,deer,fish,可记作:
中日英法人,一人一头羊,一人一匹鹿,打渔满载归。
4. 有些名词通常以复数形式出现,但它们加了量词后会有所不同,如:
trousers,clothes,glasses,shoes
注意以下句型的变化:
Theshoesaresobeautiful.Thispairofshoesisbeautiful.
5. 有些名词既可作为可数也可作为不可数,但意思不一样。
如:
room,房间(可数),空间(不可数);life,生命、生活(可数),性命,人命(不可数)
chilcken小鸡(可数),鸡肉(不可数)orange玻璃杯(可数),玻璃(不可数)
beauty美人(可数),美丽(不可数)time次数、时代(可数),时间(不可数)
paper论文、试卷(可数),纸(不可数)water水域,湖水(可数),水(不可数)
change零钱(可数),变化(不可数)light电光(可数),光(不可数)
iron熨斗(可数),铁(不可数)sand沙滩(可数),沙子(不可数)
work,著作(可数),工作(不可数)wood森林(可数),木头(不可数)
cloth衣服(可数),布(不可数)snow积雪(可数),雪(不可数)
manner礼貌(可数),方式(不可数)
6. 注意:
room,aroom,place,space
1).room既可以作可数名词也可以作不可数名词,作可数名词时表示“房间”,作不可数名词时是“空间”
2)place表示“地方地点”,泛指某一具体地点,可数名词,如:
Theparkisaperfectplaceforpicnic.
3).space空间,表示万物存在之处,与time为相对概念,不可数名词,如:
Hewasthefirstmantowalkinouterspace.
名词所有格
当名词在句子中表示所有关系时,指某物归某人所有时需要用到所有格。
名词所有格有两种形式:
1. 词尾加’s,这种情况多适用于有生命的名词。
1)单数
如:
thetiger’stail,theworker’sshoes
2) 复数名词的词尾带s的,只需要加’。
如:
thestudents’classroom,Teachers’Day.
3) 复数名词词尾没有s的,加’s如:
Children’sDay,thePeople’sPark
4) 本身以s结尾的词后可以加’s,也可以只加’,如:
theboss’(s)office,Charles’(s)mother
2. 两个名词都无生命的所有格一般用of来表示“……的……”如:
amapofChina.thetopofthemountain
3. 某物为两人或多人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词词尾加’s;如果是各自拥有,则各个名词后都要加’s.
如:
Mary’sandJane’sroomsarelarge.MaryandJane’sroomislarge.
4. 所有格所修饰的名词省略的情况:
1) 表示某人的家或商店等地方。
Myuncle’sthedoctor’stheSmith;sthebarber’sthebaker’sthebutcher’s
2).为避免重复而省略,如:
-Whosebookisthis?
-It’sPeter’s.(book省略了)
5.双重所有格
1).双重所有格的结构
名词+of+名词所有格如:
afriendofPeter’sfather’s,
名词+of+名词性物主代词,如:
afriendofmine(yours,his,hers,its,theirs,ours)
2).双重所有格的概念
双重所有格表示不服概念,of短语所修饰的名称前常带有限定词a,two,some,any,that,another等,如:
IhavereadanovelofLuXun’s.
Ionlymetsomefriendsofmyfather’s.
UncleWangismyfather’sfriend.
UncleWangisafriendofmyfather’s.
6名词在句子中的作用:
1) 作主语:
Mymotherisanexcellentdoctor.
Apostmanandporterisworkinghard.
Apostmanandaporterareworkinghard.
2).作表语:
Tombecameanengineer.
3).作定语:
Thereisabigcarfactoryinourvillage.
4).名词+介词,有时要满足“就远原则”Theteacherwithherstudentsisplantingtreesnow.
真题演练
1. Youcangetmuch________abouttheWorldExpoontheInternet.
A.mapB.pictureC.ticketD.information
2.-Wow,somanybeautifulcars!
Idon’tknowwhichonetobuy.
-Anyway,youhavetomakea__________.
A.conclusionB.connectionC.decisionD.presentation.
3.-Goodnews.Wewillhavea__________holiday.
-I’veheardofit.Butit’scomingin______________.
A.threedays,threedays’timeB.threedays’.threedays’
C.three-day,threedaysD.threedays,three-daytime
4.Pleasepickupthe_____________.Don’tkeepitonthefloor.
A.water,B.paperC.booksD.bottles
5.Alow-carbon(低碳)lifestylehas____________effectonourdailylife.Peoplearepayingmoreandmoreattentiontosaving____________thesedays.
A.the;energiesB.a;energyC.an;energy
6.WhenIwasastudent,IlikedtositinthefrontoftheclassroomsothatIcouldseethewordsmoreclearlyonthe______.
A.blackboardB.deskC.dictionaryD.postcard.
7.-ThelandinthesouthwestofChinaisingreatneedof________.
-Yes,ithasn’trainedforalongtimethere.
A.milkB.teaC.cofeeD.water
8.-What’sthenewsabout?
-__________entertainmentstarsgatheredtoattactdonationsforYushu.
A.AmemberofB.AkindofC.ApacketofD.Anumberof
9.Mr.LiregardsNingxiaashissecond_____becausehehasbeenhereforovertwentyyears.
A.familyB.houseC.roomD.home
10.Ifyouworkhard,you’llgetgood_______.
A.gradesB.notesC.lessonsD.answers
11.Thecustomersarepleasedwiththe___________oftherestaurant.
A.balanceB.experienceC.surfaceD.service
12.-Whyareyoustillwaitinginline?
–I’vemissedmy________.
A.placeB.orderC.turnD.time
13.Weneedtocomeupwitha/an__________andmakeadecisionatonce.
A.informationB.adviceC.ideaD.news
14.Couldyoutake_____forthese_______?
Theyareverybeautiful.
A.anyphotos;tomatoesB.somephotos;tomatoesC.somephotos;tomatosD.anyphotos;tomatoes
15.–Goodmorning,madam.CanIhelpyou?
–Sure.I’dlike_______forcookingvegetables.
A.twocupsofteaB.threepiecesofbreadC.onebowlofdumplingsD.fivekilosofoil
16.I’mafraidwehaveno_____buttotakeataxi.
A.choiceD.decisionC.reasonD.information
17.Wedon’thaveenoughnursestolookafterthepatients.Atleast_________areneeded.
A.tenanothernursesB.moretennursesC.othertennursesD.anothertennurses
18.Let’sgetsome_____abouttourismontheInternet.
A.informationB.messageC.inventionD.invented
19.–Youlookworried.What’syour________?
–IhavetoubleinlearningEnglish.
A.nameB.questionC.problemD.job
20.–Shallwegoshoppingnow?
-Sorry,it’snottheright______.I’mtootired.
A.wayB.weatherC.placeD.moment
练习一
1选择填空
1.ShehasbeeninShenzhenfortenyears.Shenzhenhasbecomehersecond____________.
A.familyB.houseC.homeD.place
2.Shefeelslonely.Shehas_____friendsherebesidesme.
A.manyB.afewC.fewD.lotsof
3.–Mum,whenwillyoubefree?
Youagreedtogototheseasidewithmelastweek.
-Iamsorry,Tim.ButIthinkIwillhavea________holidaysoon.
A.seven-daysB.seven-dayC.sevendaysD.sevenday
4.Onthetabletherearefive__________.
A.tomatosB.piecesoftomatoesC.tomatoesD.tomato
5.–Howmany__________werethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?
–Three.
A.policemanB.policesCpoliceD.peoples
6.Therearefew______inthefridge.Let’sgoandbuysomevegetables,carrotsandeggs.
A.pepperB.meatC.potatoesD.food
7.Therearemorethanonehundred__________inourschool.
A.women’steacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher
8.–Ihavethreee-friends.Oneis_________,theothertwoare_________.
A.America;EnglishmenB.Japanese;GermanyC.Canada;AustraliaD.English‘Frenchmen
9.Therearetwo_____________inthiscity.
A.zooB.zooesC.zoosD.zooies
10.Arethereany_______onthefarm?
A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep
11.I’veforgottenbothofthe_____________.
A.roomnumbersB.roomsnumberC.roomsnumbersD.roomnumber
12.Alargenumberof_______________cutdown.
A.trees;isB.wood;isC.wood;areD.trees;are
13.Ihavethree________inmypencil-box.
A.knifeB.knifesC.knivesD.knive
14.Alotof________aretalkingwithtwo____________.
A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.Geerman,FrenchmenD.Germans,Frenchmen
15.Mymotherboughtmeanew______formybirthday.
A.clothesB.clothC.coatD.glasses
16.Therearemanykindsof__________inthisoldriver.
A.fishB.fishsC.fishesD.fishies
17.-Jane,whatisinthe___________?
-Therearesome_________and__________inthem.
A.photos,potatos,radio,B.photos,potatos,radiosC.photoes,potatos,radiosD.photos,potatoes,radios
18.I’msorry,Icannotfinda_________tofinishthistask.
A.waysB.meanC.meansD.methods
19.Toopenthedoor,youshouldhavefour_________.
A.keyB.keysC.keiesD.keyes
20.Ten_________werebad
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