专四写作 措辞与语句 Diction and sentence.docx
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专四写作 措辞与语句 Diction and sentence.docx
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专四写作措辞与语句Dictionandsentence
Diction
Choiceofwords
Diction
•IChoosingwords
•II.WordstoAvoid
•III.OvercomingChinglish
•Properwordsinproperplacesmakeatruedefinitionofstyle.JonathanSwift
•Usetherightword,notthesecondcousin.
Thedifferencebetweentherightwordandthealmostrightwordisthedifferencebetweenlighteningandthelightningbug.MarkTwain:
•语不惊人死不休DuFu
•Wordsshouldbeonlytheclothes,carefullycustom-madetofitthethought.JulesRenard
•Weshouldendeavortousewordsthatcorrespondascloselyaspossiblewithwhatwefeel,see,think,imagine,experienceandreason.
Goethe
IChoosingwords
Choosingtheappropriateandexactwords
•A.Levelsofwords
•B.Meaningsofwords
•C.Generalandspecificwords
IChoosingwords
•A.Levelsofwords
a.fromastylisticpointofview:
formal/learned,commonandcolloquial(slangwords,dialectalwordsandcertainwordsthatareoftenusedbyuneducatedspeakers)
b.standardandnonstandard(orsubstandardwords)
•B.Meaningsofwords
a.denotation/literalmeaning本义
thedirect,explicitmeaningorreferenceofawordoraterm(Webster’sNewWordDictionary)
b.connotation/associativemeaning转义
Ideaornotionsuggestedbyorassociatedwithaword,phrase,etc.inadditiontoitsexplicitmeaning,ordenotation
IChoosingwords
Compare:
•Tomisambitious/tough-minded/foresighted/firm/self-respecting/persistent.
•Tomispushy/ruthless/calculating/stubborn/egotistical/nagging.
•country,nation,state,land
•ask,question,interrogate
•time,age,epoch
•large,big
•thrifty,frugal,stingy
•modest,humble
•slender,slim,emaciated
Thesewordscanbecalledsynonymsbutmaybedifferentinstylisticlevel,inthedegreeofemphasis,inemotionalcoloring,intoneandincollocation.
•Mind:
VeryoftenanEnglishwordhasnoexactChineseequivalentandithastobetranslatedindifferentwaysindifferentcontexts.
•Choices
•1.Afewlistenerswereuninterested/disinterestedanddozedoff.
•2.Thoughshehasgrownup,herbehaviorisoftenchildlike/childish.
•3.Herclothes,thoughmadeofcheap/inexpensivematerial,arequiteelegant.
•4.Isthatold/elderlywoman/ladysittingbythewindowyourmother?
•5.Iamsorrytorefuse/declineyourkindinvitation.
•6.Thishomely/uglyoldmanisawell-knowncomposer.
•7.Thisservilemanwasespeciallyhumble/modestwhenhewastalkingwithhissuperiors.
•8.Myfatherbecamestout/fatashegrewolder.
•9.Icanneverforgetthelittle/smalltownwhereIspentmyhappychildhood.
•10.Themodernizationprogrammehaswonthesupportofthewholenation/country.
C.Generalandspecificwords
•Professionals-----scientists,doctors,teacherslawyers,journalists
scientists-----physicists,chemists
chemists---biochemists
•Compare:
•FidoisthemostlovablecreatureIknow.
•FidoisthefirstanimalIeverliked.
•Fidoisoneofourthreedogs.
•FidoisthefastesthoundIhaveeverseen.
•Wehavethreehounds:
adachshund(德国种小猎狗)namedWilly,agrayhoundnamedMick,andabasset(短腿猎犬)namedFido.
由一般(general)趋于特定(specific)
•Specificwordsaremuchmoreconcreteandcolorfulthanthegeneralones;theyseemtomakethereadersee,hear,smell,touchorfeelwhatthewriterwishedtodescribe.Theyhelptomakewritingclear,exact,vividandstriking,fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.Generalwordsconveyakindofemotion(love),condition(misery),thought(democracy),theory(evolution),science(biology)oragroupofthings(creature,plant,organism).
•Toomanyspecificwordsmayresultindifficultyingraspingthemainideawhiletoomanygeneralwordsmaycausethewritingtobedullanddifficult.
由一般(general)趋于特定(specific)
•Abstractandgeneralwordsareindispensable,andtheaccomplishedwritercantakeadvantageofboth,canmovebackandforthbetweenthelanguageofideasandthelanguageofhardrealities.
由一般(general)趋于特定(specific)
•1.a.Shelovesflowers.
•b.Shelovesrosesandchrysanthemums.
•2.a.Afewhousesweredestroyedyesterday.
•b.Fivehouseswereburntdownyesterday.
•3.a.Ifapersonisreadinghisloveletter,youmustnotleanoverhisshouldertoreadit.
•b.Ifapersonisreadinghisloveletter,youmustnotleanoverhisshouldertoshareit.
•4.a.Itgrewdarkbeforeseveno’clock.Thewindwasstrongandtherainwasheavy.
•b.Itgrewdarkbeforeseveno’clock.Windandrainwhippedthehouse.
•5.a.Anelderlymanhadcollapsedwhilecrossingthestreet,andanambulancetookhimtoahospital.
•b.Anelderlymanhadcollapsedwhilecrossingthestreet,andanambulancerushedhimtoahospital.
•6.a.Treessurroundthewaternearoursummerplace.
•b.Oldelmssurroundthelakenearoursummercabin.
Seeifyoucancreateclearerpicturesfromthesesentences
•Acarwasparkedinthestreet.
•Somechildrenstoodanxiouslyatthecounter.
•Ourfriendshaveaplaceattheshore.
•Thetablewasclutteredwithhisthings.
•Amanwasstandingatthecorner.
•Sheboreagreatburden.
•AshinyredMercuryconvertiblewasparkedagainstthecurbnearahydrant.
•Fourlittleurchinsinraggedbluejeansstoodwiththeirsmudgyfacespressedagainstthecandycounter.
•TheRothblumshaveatwo-bedroombungalowablockfromtheoceaninBrandtBeach,NewJersey.
•Jeff’snotebook,books,andbaseballgloveclutteredthediningroomtable.
•Atall,lankyfarmerinfadedoverallsandabatteredstrawhatwasleaningagainstthemailboxonthecornerofMainStreetandFirstAvenue.
•Afterhermotherdied,Sylviahelpedraiseheryoungerbrothereandcaredforherillfather.
Compare:
•1)Weexperienceddifficultyinthatsituation.
•2)ThecartilageinmyanklerippedpainfullyasIslammedontotheicysidewalk.AsIlayonmyback,cursingmyselfforjogginginsubzeroweather,thechillofthemorningwindmademeshiver.Itriedtoraisemybodybutmyanklewouldnotmove,andallIcoulddowasfallbackonmyconcretebed.Ifeltnothing,butpain,coldanddismay.
Providespecificwordsforthefollowinggeneralwords:
•brightly-coloredred,scarlet
•Slowlytwomilesanhour
•Runsprint,dash,gallop,race,dart,trot,
scurry,scamper,lope
•Walkamblesauntertrudgedragstroll
tiptoeclumpslouchprancetramp
tottertrotwadewaddleshuffle
swagswaggermincestridestrut
staggerhobblelimpplodstumble
toddleloiterlurchsneakpad
Providespecificwordsforthefollowinggeneralwords:
•AgoodmanGoodfood
•House
•Laugh
•Beverage
•See
•Say
•Walk
•Skilful
•Hit
•Weapon
•Big
•Small
•Brave
Providespecificwordsforthefollowinggeneralwords:
•Afraid
•Complain
•Pleased
•True
•Stubborn
•Flexible
•Thin
•Fat
•Noise
•Silence
•Beautiful
•Ugly
•Active
•Inactive
由模糊(vague)趋于明确(definite)
•1.a.Itwasadreadfuljourney.
b.Itwasatiring,tediousanddangerousjourney.
•2.a.Althoughthecommanderhadanawfultemperandaterriblevoice,heshowedwonderfulcareforhismen.
b.Althoughthecommanderhadafierytemperandagravelyvoice,heshowedfatherlycareforhismen.
由模糊(vague)趋于明确(definite)
Lazyadverbs(懒散副词)
•Absolutely,awfully,dreadfully,terribly,terrifically,frightfully,horribly,desperately,fiercely,badly,hugely,simply,wildly,jolly,right,pretty,precisely,mighty,marvelously,tremendously,wonderfully…
Compare
•Thebeggarwasawfullythin./Thebeggarwaspitifullythin.
•Mynewteacherisabsolutelyhandsome./Mynewteacherisstrikinglyhandsome.
•Mysupervisor’stoneisverycritical./Mysupervisor’stoneissharplycritical.
•Itisterriblyhottoday./Itisburninghottoday.
•Wehadawildlycoldnight./Wehadafreezingnight.
由抽象(abstract)趋于具体(concrete)
•1.a.MrBunneylookedatthevegetablesbeforehim.
b.MrBunneygazeddismallyatthevegetablesbeforehim.
•2.a.Themanwasstandingunderatree.
b.JimJones,ourvillagepostman,waswalkingunderalargeoak-tree.
•3.a.Thecableconsistsofmanywires.
b.Thecableconsistsof100strandsofveryfinecopperwires.
•4.a.Hehadamisfortunewhileswimming.
b.Ashellfragmentrippedopenhisrightarmwhilehewasswimming.
•5.a.Tomisalazyboy.
b.Tomusuallysleepslateinthemorninganddoeslittleworkafterhegetsup.
由抽象(abstract)趋于具体(concrete)
Look
•Shespottedhimimmediatelyamongthepeopleintherailwaystation,becausehewaswearinghisyellowhat.
•Themenintheboatedsightedland.
•Theywereobservedenteringthebankat8:
30.
•Severalpossiblebuyersarecomingtoviewthehouse.
•Hescannedthepagesofthebooktowhatitwasabout.
•Hewitnessedtheaccidenthimself;hesawitall.
•Sheglanceddownthelistofnames.
•Stopeyeingmelikethat.
•Shepeeredthroughthemist,tryingtofindtherightpath.
•Hegapedatherinsurprise.
D.Usingidioms
•Anidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.
Commontypesofidioms:
•Phrasalverbsputupwith,lookforwardto,carryon
•N.+prep.+n.astrawinthewind,theappleofone’seye,likeafishoutofwater
•Prep.+n.ontheair,atlength,atlarge,inperson,withflyingcolors
•V.+n.slipone’smind,gotothedogs,stewinone’sownjuice,teachanolddognewtricks,teachone’sgrandmothertosuckeggs
•As…asasbigaslife,aspooraschurchmouse,asmuteasafish,lightasafeather
•Pairsofwordsinblackandwhite,sinkorswim,highanddry,touchandgo
•SayingsDon’tcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.Astitchintimesavesnine.Oneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.Tastesdiffer.Eachdogwillhavehisownday.
Idiomsinsentences
•ThefirstAmericanpresidential
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