汽车起重机毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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汽车起重机毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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汽车起重机毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业设计(论文)
外文翻译
译文题目:
使用智能液压缸增加起重机的稳定性
学院:
机电学院
专业:
机械设计制造及其自动化
学生姓名:
XXX
学号:
**********
指导教师:
XXX
完成时间:
2017年3月12日
From:
Hitchcox,Alan.Smartcylindersstabilizecranes[J].Hydraulics&Pneumatics;Cleveland(Sep12,2013):
n/a.
Smartcylindersstabilizecranes
Hitchcox,Alan.
ASMInternational,PentonMedia,OTPIndustrialSolutions
(formerlyOhioTransmission&PumpCo)
Abstract:
It'snotunusualforcranestoreach100ftormoreintotheairatmajorconstructionsites.Traditionally,cranesaretransportedtoaworkareaandassembledon-site.Morerecently,astruck-mountedcranesbecomebiggerandmorepowerful,theyhavefoundfavorbecausetheyarequickertosetupthantraditionalcranes.Truck-mountedcraneshaveatelescopinghydraulicboommountedoncommercialtruckchassis.Theirportabilityandlowersetupcostshaveledtotheirwidespreaduseatconstructionandutilitysitesaroundtheworld.Butasloadsgetheavierandliftingdistancesbecomehigher,designersoftruck-mountedcranesmustprovidethestabilitytoensurethatsafetyremainsthetoppriority.
Truck-mountedcranesuseoutriggersystemstoensurestableoperation.Theoutriggersextendfromthemainbodyofthetruckandcontactthegroundseveralfeetawayfromthetruck.Thisdistributesthecrane'sloadoveramuchlargerarea,therebyincreasingstability.ManitowocCompanyInc.,Manitowoc,Wis.,takesthisastepfurtherbyusingsmartcylindersintheA-frameoutriggersystemsofitsNationalCranelineoftruck-mountedcranes.Thecrane'shydraulicsystemisdrivenfromapowertakeoffonthetruck'stransmission.Thecraneoperatorthenrunsallcranefunctionsthroughaseriesoflever-operatedvalvesatacontrolstation.
TheELAisanexternallymountedLDTthatusesHall-effecttechnologytosensethelocationofamagnetembeddedinthecylinder'spistonthroughthecylinder'scarbonsteelbarrel.Amicroprocessorthenassignsananalogvoltagetothemagnet'scorrespondingabsoluteposition.Forexample,whenthecylinderisfullyretracted;thevoltagemaybe0.55V.Asthecylinderextends,thevoltagegraduallyincreasesuntil4.5Visreachedatfullextension.Accuracyofthetransduceristypically+-0.5mm(0.02in.)-morethanadequateformostmobileequipment.ThatpositionisthensenttotheECMandcomparedtotheknownmaximumhorizontalextension.Afterthis,anindicationisgiventotheoperatorabouttheoutriggerstate.Thepositionupdatehappenswithinmilliseconds.
FullText
It'snotunusualforcranestoreach100ftormoreintotheairatmajorconstructionsites.Traditionally,cranesaretransportedtoaworkareaandassembledon-site.Morerecently,astruck-mountedcranesbecomebiggerandmorepowerful,theyhavefoundfavorbecausetheyarequickertosetupthantraditionalcranes.Truck-mountedcraneshaveatelescopinghydraulicboommountedoncommercialtruckchassis.Theirportabilityandlowersetupcostshaveledtotheirwidespreaduseatconstructionandutilitysitesaroundtheworld.Butasloadsgetheavierandliftingdistancesbecomehigher,designersoftruck-mountedcranesmustprovidethestabilitytoensurethatsafetyremainsthetoppriority.
Truck-mountedcranesuseoutriggersystemstoensurestableoperation.Theoutriggersextendfromthemainbodyofthetruckandcontactthegroundseveralfeetawayfromthetruck.Thisdistributesthecrane'sloadoveramuchlargerarea,therebyincreasingstability.ManitowocCompanyInc.,Manitowoc,Wis.,takesthisastepfurtherbyusingsmartcylindersintheA-frameoutriggersystemsofitsNationalCranelineoftruck-mountedcranes.Thecrane'shydraulicsystemisdrivenfromapowertakeoffonthetruck'stransmission.Thecraneoperatorthenrunsallcranefunctionsthroughaseriesoflever-operatedvalvesatacontrolstation.
Animportantfunctionforlifting,moving,andloweringheavyloadsistoensurethatoutriggerbeamsareproperlypositioned.TheoutriggersareattachedtothetruckframeandareextendeddownwardbyhydrauliccylindersatanangletocreateanA-framestructurethatiswideratitsbasethanatthetop.Thisprovidesastableframeworktolevelandsupporttheloadedandextendedcrane.
Addingsmartstooutriggers
Forthepastseveralyears,NationalCranehasaddedoutrigger-monitoringsystems(OMSs)toitscranes.WiththeOMS,operatorsmonitorthehorizontalextensionofthecrane'soutriggersatacontrolstation.TheOMSusedwithA-framemodelcranesincludesanELAposition-sensinglinear-displacementtransducer(LDT)fromRotaEngineering,Dallas,anelectroniccontrolmodule(ECM),andbicolorindicationLEDsateachstation.
TheELAisanexternallymountedLDTthatusesHall-effecttechnologytosensethelocationofamagnetembeddedinthecylinder'spistonthroughthecylinder'scarbonsteelbarrel.Amicroprocessorthenassignsananalogvoltagetothemagnet'scorrespondingabsoluteposition.Forexample,whenthecylinderisfullyretracted;thevoltagemaybe0.55V.Asthecylinderextends,thevoltagegraduallyincreasesuntil4.5Visreachedatfullextension.Accuracyofthetransduceristypically+-0.5mm(0.02in.)-morethanadequateformostmobileequipment.ThatpositionisthensenttotheECMandcomparedtotheknownmaximumhorizontalextension.Afterthis,anindicationisgiventotheoperatorabouttheoutriggerstate.Thepositionupdatehappenswithinmilliseconds.
MarkHoffman,ofRotaEngineering,pointedoutthatbecausemobileequipmenthasahumanoperator,positionfeedbackfromcylindersgenerallyonlyneedstobewithinhundredthsofaninch.Putsimply,hesaysthatmagnetostrictiveLDTsareoverkillformostmobile-equipmentapplications.HesuggeststhatanLDTwithslightlylessprecision,butsubstantiallylowercost,wouldenabledesignerstoprovidecylinderpositionfeedbackmoreoften-notjustforthemostcriticalapplicationsthatjustifyhighcost.
Simpleelectronicdisplay
TheelectroniccontrolmoduleontheA-frameunitsservesonlytomonitorthepositionoftheoutriggersandprovidefeedbacktotheoperator.AstheanalogvoltagefromtheELAtransducerisreadintotheECM,itsendsasignaltoasetofbicolorLEDs-onesetperoperator'sstation.Theindicationsavailableare:
Redforsystemerror(sensoroutofrange,electricalshort,etc.).
Blinkingredtoindicatetheoperatorisnotatavalidworkingpositionasdirectedbytheoperationmanual.
Greentoinformtheoperatorthatfullhorizontalextensionhasbeenaccomplished.TheECMcanbeconfiguredthroughtheuseofaservicetooltoalsohelpdiagnoseanyissuesrelatedtotheOMS.
Madeformobile
Designedforusewithmobileequipment,theELAtransducermatchesthisapplicationwellbecauseofseveralphysicalandintrinsicattributes.Themostimportantoftheseistheabilitytomountthesensoralongtheexteriorofthehydraulicoutrigger-cylinderbarrel.Althoughthecylindergainsaddedfunctionality,inmanycasesitretainsthesameformandfitastheoriginalcylinder;thesmartcylinderisessentiallyadrop-inreplacement.Theenvelopeinwhichthecylinderismounteddoesnotchange.OnlyadditionalharnessingandtheECMareadded-plusthereareminorphysicalchangestotherearstabilizers.
ThecylinderboresusedinA-frameoutriggersrangefrom3to4.5in.Strokesmaybeaslongasof66.9in.,dependingonliftingcapacity.AccordingtoHoffmanadded,"Eliminatingtheexpenseofgun-drillingthepistonrodandmachiningtheendcapreducesthecostofcreatingthissmartcylinder.Thecylinder'sstructuralintegrityremainsthesame,anditiseasiertoassemble,install,andservicethancylinderswithmagnetostrictivesensors."
Otherpositiveattributes:
theHall-effectsensorisnoncontactforlongservicelife,itstemperatureratingishigh,itperformswellinhighshockandvibrationapplications,anditsaluminumhousingresistsdamagefromimpactandcorrosion.Theexternaltransducercanbereplacedinthefieldwithoutdifficulty.
Cylinderscanbesuppliedwithmagnetsalreadyfitted,sothatifthestroke-sensingfunctionisrequiredlater,thetransducercaneasilybeadded.ThemagnetassemblyfortheELtransducerisdesignedtomatchtheboreofthecylinder.Aslotismilledintothepistontoaccommodatethemagnetassembly.Servicelifeisnotafactorbecausethemagnetassemblyismadeofthesamequalityaspiston-wearrings.
Adifferentkindoflinearsensor
ModelELAlinear-displacementtransducers(LDTs)useHall-effecttechnologyandmountexternallytomobilehydrauliccylinders.Unlikeothertypesofin-cylinderLDTs,theycanbeusedindouble-endedcylinders.Theycanalsobeusedeffectivelyinsteeringandlong-strokecylinders,wheregundrillingcanbecomecostprohibitiveandareeasilyfieldreplaceable.
Hall-effectLDTscanbemanufacturedforstrokesexceeding50ftandforuse20,000ftbelowthesurfaceoftheoceanandotherdemandingenvironments.
Hall-effecttechnology
LDTsfromRotaEngineeringuseamicroprocessorthattransmitsandreceivessignalsfromHall-effectchipsmountedtoaprinted-circuitboard.Thecircuitboardiscontainedwithinastainless-steeloraluminumhousing,dependingonapplicationrequirements.Apiston-mountedmagnetcausesavoltagedropwhenitpassesovertheHall-effectchip.ThemicroprocessorcalculatesthepositionoftheHall-effectchipandcorrelatesthevoltagedroptoaproportionalvoltage,current,PWM,orCANbusoutput.
Hoffmanexplains,"Hall-effectsensorsdonothaveashigharesolutionasmagnetostrictivesensors,whichcanachieveresolutionmeasuredinten-thousandthsofaninch.Hall-effectLDTs,however,generallyhaveresoluti
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