合作原则在中学英语教学中的应用.docx
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合作原则在中学英语教学中的应用.docx
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合作原则在中学英语教学中的应用
攀枝花学院本科毕业论文
合作原则在中学英语教学中的应用
学生姓名:
任立立
学生学号:
200810201115
院(系):
外国语学院
年级专业:
2008级英语本科2班
指导教师:
何学德副教授
二〇一二年五月
ApplicationoftheCooperativePrincipleinEnglishTeachinginMiddleSchool
RenLili
UndertheSupervisionof
HeXuede
SchoolofForeignLanguagesandCultures
PanzhihuaUniversity
May2012
Contents
Abstract
Wearelivinginaworldwhichisfullofcommunicationandconversation.Therefore,teachersandstudentsinEnglishteachingshouldfollowtheCooperativePrinciple.ThisessayisaimedtoapplythefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrincipleinEnglishteaching,thatis,themaximofquality,themaximofquantity,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.Firstly,weexplainthedefinitionandfunctionoftheCooperativePrincipleaswellasthefourmaxims;next,weanalyzetheapplicationofthefourmaximsrespectivelyinEnglishteaching;thirdly,theviolationofthefourmaximsisdiscussed;fourthly,wefindoutthereasons;finally,wegettheenlightenmenttoEnglishteachinganddrawtheconclusionssothatwecangetbetterteachingeffects.TheproperuseoftheCooperativePrincipleinEnglishteachingcanmotivatestudents'interestandmakestudentsmastertheEnglishlanguagemoredeeplyandcorrectly.
KeyWords
TheCooperativePrinciple;application;violation;reasons;enlightenment
摘要
我们生活在一个相互之间充满交际与对话的世界。
因此,在英语教学中学生和老师都应该遵守合作原则。
本文旨在探讨将合作原则中四大准则,即质的准则、量的准则、关系准则和方式准则运用于中学英语教学。
首先对其定义和功能以及该原则的四个准则进行阐述。
第二,我们分别对这四个原则在英语教学中的应用加以分析。
第三是对其违反情况的讨论。
接下来找出违反的相关原因。
通过以上的分析,最后得出该原则对于英语教学带来的启示以及相关结论,从而取得更好的教学效果。
恰当地运用合作原则可以激发学生的学习兴趣并且使他们能够更加深入和正确地掌握英语这门语言。
关键词
合作原则;应用;违反;原因;启示
Introduction
Englishisoneoftheinternationallanguagesandmostwidelyusedoneintheworld.Englishservesasabridgeforustocommunicatewitheachother.WhiletomostEnglishlearners,classroomteachingisthebasicwaytolearnEnglish.Itisalsothemainaccesstogaininformation,improvingmanykindsofskillsanddevelopingsomethoughtsandperceptions.Thecommunicationbetweenteachersandstudentsisregardedasaspecialkindofconversation.
TheAmericanlinguistHerbertPaulGricefirstputforwardtheCooperativePrincipleinthespeechinHarvardUniversityin1967(HuZhuanglin,2006:
176).Grice'sCooperativePrincipleisoneofthemostimportantprinciplesthatgovernasuccessfulcommunication,examiningthementalandsocialprocessesinvolvedincommunicatingthroughlanguage(Verschueren&何自然:
2000).TheaimofthispaperistheapplicationoftheCooperativePrinciplefromtheangleofmiddleschoolEnglishteachingandtheviolationofthesemaximsaswellasthereasonsarealsopresented.WehopethatthequalityofEnglishteachingcanbeimprovedandenhancedbyusingtheCooperativePrinciple.
Ⅰ.TheCooperativePrincipleandItsMaxims
A.DefinitionoftheCooperativePrinciple
TheCooperativePrinciple(CPforshort)wasfirstproposedbyGrice,theU.S.linguistandphilosopherinthelate1960s.Heproposesthatallspeakers,regardlessoftheirculturalbackgrounds,sticktoabasicprinciplethathedefinesastheCooperativePrinciple.Duringpeople'scommunication,theyhavetocooperatewitheachother,onlyinthiswaycantheycontributetothesuccessoftheconversationaswellasthegoalofit.Theparticipantshavetocomplywiththefourmaximsinordertogetasuccessfulandharmoniousconversation.Thecooperativeprincipleismeanttodescribewhatactuallyhappensinconversation.Thatis,whenwespeakwegenerallyhavesomethinglikethecooperativeprincipleanditsmaximsinourmindtoguideus,thoughsub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously.Hearerswillalsotrytointerpretwhatissaidtotheminthisway.
Inthebookentitledlogicandconversation,GriceprovidesuswiththedefinitionoftheCooperativePrinciple.i.e.Makeyourconversationalcontributionasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.
B.FunctionoftheCooperativePrinciple
TheCooperativePrincipleisveryusefulandimportantinmanyaspects,soisitinEnglishteaching.Inreality,peoplewhogointoconversationwitheachotherwillfollowthefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple,namely,boththespeakersandhearersareexpectingtheconversationtocontinue.
Thefunctionofthemaximofquality:
themaximofqualityisoneofthefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple.Itrequirestheinformationprovidedbytheparticipantstobegenuineandcorrect.Itishelpfulforteachersandstudentstoprovideappropriateandcorrectinformationaccordingtospecificinstructionalpurposes.
Thefunctionofthemaximofquantity:
themaximofquantityisthesecondmaximofthecooperativeprinciple.Thismaximplaysanimportantroleduringtheconversation.Itcanbeusedtoseewhethertheprovidedinformationisadequateasrequiredforthecurrentpurposeofcommunicationortoseewhethertheinformationislessthannecessary.
Thefunctionofthemaximofrelation:
thethirdmaximofthecooperativeprincipleisthemaximofrelation.Itneedstheutterancestoberelatedtothetopicunderdiscussion.Therelationofalltheinformationneedstobeinawhollymeaningfulentirety.Iftheutterancesarenotconcernedwiththetopic,thecommunicationwillturnouttobemeaninglessandboring.Thismaximwillmakethecommunicationeasiertogo.
Thefunctionofthemaximofmanner:
thisisthefourthmaxim.Itisusefultoenablebothteachersandstudentstousesimpleandordinarywordstoconveytheirmeaningsandtrytoavoidobscurityandambiguitywhenchanginginformation.Thus,theywillconcentrateontheirattentionandmakefulluseofthelimitedtime.Communicationwillturnouttobemoreeffectiveandefficient.
C.FourMaxims
AccordingtoGrice,therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple,whicharespecificmaximsofquality,quantity,relationandmanner.
Themaximofquality
1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.
Thismaximneedsthespeakerstotrytheirbesttomakesurethetruthoftheirwordsandsentences.Theinformationthatisfalseorlackofenoughevidenceshouldnotbeusedbyspeakersduringconversations.
Themaximofquantity
1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).
2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
Inotherwords,thismaximrequiresthattheprovidedinformationisasadequateasrequiredforthecurrentpurposeofcommunication,ortheinformationshouldnotbelessthannecessaryinordertosupporttheconversationgoals.Toomoreortoolessinformationwillfailtoachievethegoal.
Themaximofrelation
1)Berelevant.
Thismaximrequiresthatthewordsandsentencesofthespeakersshouldberelatedtothetopic.
Withrespecttothismaxim,Gricewrites"Thoughthemaximitselfisterse,itsformulationconcealsanumberofproblemsthatexercisemeagooddeal:
questionsaboutwhatdifferentkindsandfocusesofrelevancetheremaybe,howtheseshiftinthecourseofatalkexchange,howtoallowforthefactthatsubjectsofconversationsarelegitimatelychangedandsoon.IfindthetreatmentofsuchquestionsexceedinglydifficultandIhopetoreverttotheminlaterwork."(Grice,1989:
27)
Themaximofmanner
1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.
2)Avoidambiguity.
3)Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)
4)Beorderly.
Thismaximrequeststhespeakerstoavoiddoublemeaningsortobeclearintheirwordsaspossibleastheycan.Theyshouldtrytheirbesttobeconciseandputthewordsandsentencesintoorder.(Levinson,2001:
101)
Ⅱ.ApplicationoftheCPandItsMaxims
Asanimportanttheoryofpragmatics,theCooperativePrincipleisoneofthemajorprinciplesguidingpeople'scommunication.Duringcommunications,whenparticipantssticktosomebasicprinciples,cooperatingwitheachother,pushingthemtogoonwiththeircommunications,eventuallyachievingtheirconversationalgoals,wesaythattheyfollowthecooperativeprinciple.Intheclassroomteaching,theinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsisveryimportant,itisalsoofgreatsignificancetoapplythefourmaxims.Let'sseetheapplicationofthefourmaximsinEnglishteachingonebyone.
A.ApplicationoftheMaximofQuality
1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
Onerequirementofthemaximofqualityisthattheinformationshouldbegenuineandcorrect.Thismaximneedsthespeakerstotrytheirbesttomakesurethetruthoftheirwordsandsentences.Theinformationthatisfalseshouldnotbeusedbypeopleduringconversation.Let'sseeanexample:
ThisconversationtookplaceinanEnglishclassbetweenateacherandoneofhisstudents,whentheteacherisimpartingsomegeneralknowledgeaboutEngland.
Teacher:
Jim,doyouknowwheretheBigBenClockToweris?
Jim:
ItisinLondon.
Fromthisconversation,wecansayclearlythatJimdoesn'tcontributewhathebelievestobefalse.Hedoesn'tanswerthequestionbysaying:
It'sinHongKong.Therefore,wesayJimgivesthecorrectandtruthfulinformation.Hisanswerisnormalbecausethemaximofqualityisobserved.
2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.
Thismaximalsoneedsthespeakertogiveenoughevidencetosupporthisorherpointofview.Thus,itiseasyforotherstobelieveandagree.Otherwise,peoplewillthinkyouropinionorinformationisfalseorunbelievable.Asaresult,thesuccessofcommunicationwillbegreatlyaffected.Let'slookatthisexample:
AnEnglishteacheraskedTimtogivehisansweraswellasthereasonsforthi
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