Chapter OneWorld Trade Organization and China.docx
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Chapter OneWorld Trade Organization and China.docx
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ChapterOneWorldTradeOrganizationandChina
ChapterOneWorldTradeOrganizationandChina’sEconomy
1.1InterpretationProcessandBasicQualitiesRequiredofanInterpreter
1.1.1TheProcessofOralInterpretation
Listening→
Memorizing→
Transferring→
Reproducing
↓↓↓↓
Step1
a.
AnAcuteHearing
b.
AccurateComprehensionofIdeas
c.
Notes-takingifpossible
Step2
a.
Instant&ActiveMemory
b.
HighConcentration
c.
FocusonIdeas,
notWords
Step3
a.
GoodCommandofEnglishorChinese
b.
LogicalReorganizationofIdeas
Step4
a.
GoodMasteryofChineseorEnglish
b.
Clear&CorrectEnglish
Pronunciation&Intonation
OralInterpretation,essentiallymeansanextemporeoron-the-spotoralreproduction,inonelanguage,ofwhatissaidinanotherlanguage,accordingtoAPracticalHandbookofInterpretation(1991)byMr.ZhongShukong,afamousscholarontheoreticalstudyofinterpretation.
Statedasintheabovecharttheinterpretationprocessof“listening—memorizing—reorganizing—delivery”,wecanfindthatinterpretationinvolvesaprocessfullofdifficultiesandchallenges.Themostdifficultandchallengingpartonthepartofaninterpreterishowtostrikeabalancebetweenhiscomprehensionoftheoriginalspeechandhiscapabilityofaccurateandintelligiblereproductioninthetargetlanguage.
Accuratecomprehension,orunderstandingofthe“idea”or“meaning”oftheoriginal(esp.English)speakerisalwaystheforemostconcernintheprocess.Withoutaccuratecomprehension,therecanbenooralreproductioninthetargetlanguage,whichisfaithfultotheoriginalversionofspeech.Inordertoacquireanaccuratecomprehensionoftheideasoftheoriginal(esp.English)speaker,aninterpreterismostlikelytoencountersuchdifficulties,aslexical,contextualandterminologicalones.Sometimes,thedifficultiesarecausedby(Englishornon-nativeEnglish)speaker’sexceptionallyrapidspeedorpeculiaraccentorintonation,andwhat’smore,problemsmaywellarisefromtheinterpreter’slackofknowledgeofthetechnicaldetailsofthesubjectmatteroraspecifictopicdealtwithbytheoriginalspeaker.Aninterpreter,should,nevertheless,tryhisbesttofollowthesoundflowoftheoriginalspeakerandmustnotlosethethreadofwhattheoriginalspeakerissayingandisdrivingat.
Accurateandintelligibleoralreproduction.Withinthelimitedtimeathisproposal,aninterpretermustalwaysbearinhismindthatitistheideaorthemeaningoftheoriginalspeaker,notmerelywordsthatshouldbetranslatedaccuratelyandassmoothlyaspossibleintothetargetlanguage.Aninterpretershouldlearntostrikeabalancebetweenthe“parts”orwordsandthe“whole”ormeaning;nottoperfecttheinterpretationofeveryindividualwordattheexpenseoflosingthethreadofwhatthespeakerissaying.
1.1.2BasicQualitiesRequiredofInterpreters
●Acutehearing.Aninterpretershouldbeawarethattohearininterpretingisnotmerelyto
knowallthe“words”thatarebeingspoken.Itisimperativetograspthe
“idea”ortherealmeaningoftheoriginalspeaker,especiallyoftheEnglish
speakerwhilelistening,nomatterhowcomplexthesubjectmatter,or
topics,howunusualtheoriginalspeaker’sstyleoraccentorintonationmight
be.Aninterpretershouldbesoberlyawarethatwithextremelyrare
exceptionsonlywhatisclearlyheardandgraspedcouldbeproperlyrendered
intothetargetlanguage.
●Agoodarticulation.Theinterpreter’sarticulationandelocutionshouldbereasonablygood.
Heshouldbecarefulnottoswallowpartofhiswords.Heshouldmoreover
seetoitthathisvoiceshouldcarrywellandbepleasanttohear.Inshort,he
shouldformthegoodhabitofspeakingdistinctlyandnaturally,andtakecare
nevertosoundaffected.FortheChineseEnglishlearners,pronunciationand
intonationproblemshavebeenbigbarrierstoagoodarticulation.
●Agoodmemory.Twothingsareusuallyexpectedofaninterpreter’smemory.First,itshould
storeupanexceptionallylargevocabulary,includingtherelevantspecialized
terms,andagreatwealthofrelevantimportantphrases,proverbsidioms,
sentencepatternsandexpressionsalongwiththecorrespondingcorrect
translationinthetargetlanguage.Second,itshouldaccuratelyabsorband
retaintheideaorseriesofideasjustexpressedbythespeaker.Instant
memory,too,canbetrainedinanintensiveprocessofpractice.
●Familiaritywithsimultaneousnotestaking.Agoodinterpretermustbegoodatnotes-
taking.Heshouldlearntobeabletoconcentrateonlisteningtograspthe
speaker’sideawhilejottingdownafew“keywords”inthemeantime,
usuallywitheachword(orsignorsymbol)representingasensegroupora
figure,orapropername,etc.Theobjectofnotes-takingismainlyto
supplementmemoryefficiency,soastoensureaccuracyininterpreting.
Simultaneousnotes-takingisaskillthatcanbeacquiredthroughproper
trainingandpracticing,whichmaybetime-consuming.Sometimesitisnot
encouragedinclassroomteaching,becauseitisdistractingpartofthe
trainees’attentionswhichshouldbegiventolisteningtoandmemorizing
whatthespeakerissayingorhassaid.
●Quickandaccurateresponse.Thisrefersmainlytospeedinessandaccuracyincompleting
theprocessof“understanding---memorizing---transference---speaking”on
thepartoftheinterpreter.Hereaccuracyisstatedsidebysidewith
speedinesstoruleoutthetendencyof“toomuchofahurry”todothe
interpretationonthepartofthebeginners.
1.2PracticeTaskOne
SentenceInterpretation
InterpretthefollowingSentences
1.Today,businessistechnicallydefinedastheproduction,distributionandsalesofgoodsandservicesforprofit.
2.Thescopeofinternationalbusinesscoversawiderangeofsignificantsectors.Internationaltransactionsinphysicalgoodsinvolveproductsfrommining,petroleum,agriculture,andmanufacturingactivities.
3.Internationaltransactionsinservicesareextensiveintheconstruction,hotel,tourism,businessconsulting,andretailingandwholesalingsectors;infinancialareassuchascommercialandinvestmentbanking,securities,andinsurance;inairandoceantransportation.
4.Internationaltransactionsinservicesalsoincludetheareaofcommunicationsmedia,suchas
radio,television,telegraph,telephone,magazines,books,newspapers,newsservices,and
movies.
5.Internationaltransactionsinintangiblesoccurinthefieldssuchastechnology,trademarks,andcross-borderdatatransmission.
6.贸易之所以产生是由于地域的多样性。
一些地方能够更加有效地,或者以更低的成本生
产一样东西,经济学家把这一特点称作比较优势。
7.中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,有着丰富的劳动力资源,和快速增长的经济,其市场
潜力也在持续增大。
而美国则是世界上最大的发达国家,其财力雄厚、技术先进、并有
着世界上最大的消费市场。
所以,两个的经济高度互补。
8.如果一个国家的出口大于进口,这叫做贸易顺差,反之,一个国家进口大于出口,贸易
逆差就会出现。
所有的国家都设法保持贸易顺差,这样才能确保他们拥有购买必要的进
口物品的支付手段。
9.对于国家来讲,进口会增加其国内生产的(同一类型)产品的竞争;而出口则会给国内
的制造商提供一个出售其产品的大市场,并且有助于降低其产品的单位生产成本。
10.在经济、金融和政治领域里不断增加的国际磋商和合作,在未来的若干年里,肯定会
带来世界贸易的繁荣局面。
1.3PracticeTaskTwo
TextInterpretation
1.InterprettheFollowingPassageintoChinese
词语清障
itspredecessor:
前身。
GeneralAgreementonTradeandTariffs:
关税及贸易总协定。
thelegalandinstitutionalfoundation:
法律与组织机构的基础。
multilateraltradingsystem:
多边贸易体系。
plural-lateral:
多边的。
aforum:
论坛,讲坛。
tradedispute:
贸易纠纷。
tooversee:
监督。
globaleconomicpolicy-making:
全球经济政策的制定。
legaltexts:
法律文件。
governmentprocurement:
政府采购。
rulesoforiginandintellectualproperty:
(保护)原产地和知识产权的规则。
Ministerialdeclarations:
部长会议宣言。
tospelloutfurtherobligationsandcommitments:
进一步阐明了世贸组织成员国的责任与义
务。
thehighestauthority:
最高权威。
toconducttheday-to-day,regularwork:
处理世贸组织的日常事务。
toconvene:
召集会议。
thedisputesettlementprocedure:
解决争议的整个程序。
theTradePolicyReviewBody:
贸易政策审查机构。
individualWTOmembers:
.各个成员国。
toensurefreeflowofinternationaltradeasitsultimategoal:
其终极目的就是国际贸易的自由
化。
transitionperiod:
过渡期。
WTOprovisions:
世贸组织条款、规定。
BriefIntroductionofWTO
TheWorldTradeOrganizationwithitspredecessorasGeneralAgreementonTradeandTariffswasestablishedon1January1995.Itisthelegalandinstitutionalfoundationofthemultilateraltradingsystem.TheWTOisbasedinGeneva,Switzerland.Itsessentialfunctionsareasfollows:
●administeringandimplementingthemultilateralandplural-lateraltradeagreements
whichtogethermakeuptheWTO;
●actingasaforumformultilateraltradenegotiations;
●seekingtoresolvetradedisputes;
●overseeingnationaltradepolicies;
●cooperatingwithotherinternationalinstitutionsinvolvedinglobaleconomicpolicy-making.
TheWTOAgreementcontainssome29individuallegaltexts---coveringeverythingfromagriculturetotextilesandclothing,andfromservicestogovernmentprocurement,rulesoforiginandintellectualproperty.Addedtothesearemorethan25additionalMinisterialdeclarations,decisionsandunderstandingsthatspelloutfurtherobligationsandcommitmentsforWTOmembers.
ThehighestauthorityoftheorganizationtheMinisterialConference,whichiscomposeofrepresentativesofallWTOmembercountries.TheMinisterialConferenceisrequiredtomeetatleasteverytwoyears.Itissupposedtomakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthemultilateraltradeagreements.TheGeneralCouncil,alsocomposeofallWTOmembers,conductstheday-to-day,regularworkonbehalfoftheMinisterialConference.TheGeneralCouncilconvenesintwoparticularforms----astheDisputeSettlementBody,whichistooverseethedisputesettlementprocedures,andastheTradePolicyReviewBody,whichistoconductregularreviewsofthetradepoliciesofindividualWTOmembers.
Obviou
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