考研英语真题与答案解析.docx
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考研英语真题与答案解析.docx
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考研英语真题与答案解析
SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.But”-__1___someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,___3_heartrateandoxygen
consumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.
__6__,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe
__7__,studiesdatingbacktothe193045minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.
’sindicatethatlaughter__8___muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto
Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactof
laughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedback,thatimproveanindividual
__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwas
’s
arguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.
Althoughsadnessalso____14___tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwrzburgin
Germanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles___18___moreexuberantlytofunnycartonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.
1.[A]among
[B]except
[C]despite
[D]like
2.[A]reflect
[B]demand
[C]indicate
[D]produce
3.[A]stabilizing
[B]boosting
[C]impairing
[D]determining
4.[A]transmit
[B]sustain
[C]evaluate
[D]observe
5.[A]measurable
[B]manageable
[C]affordable
[D]renewable
6.[A]Inturn
[B]Infact
[C]Inaddition
[D]Inbrief
7.[A]opposite
[B]impossible
[C]average
[D]expected
8.[A]hardens
[B]weakens
[C]tightens
[D]relaxes
9.[A]aggravate
[B]generate
[C]moderate
[D]enhance
10.[A]physical
[B]mental
[C]subconscious
[D]internal
11.[A]Exceptfor
[B]Accordingto
[C]Dueto
[D]Asfor
12.[A]with
[B]on
[C]in
[D]at
13.[A]unless
[B]until
[C]if
[D]because
14.[A]exhausts
[B]follows
[C]precedes
[D]suppresses
15.[A]into
[B]from
[C]towards
[D]beyond
16.[A]fetch
[B]bite
[C]pick
[D]hold
17.[A]disappointed
[B]excited
[C]joyful
[D]indifferent
18.[A]adapted
[B]catered
[C]turned
[D]reacted
19.[A]suggesting
[B]requiring
[C]mentioning
[D]supposing
20.[A]Eventually
[B]Consequently[C]Similarly
[D]Conversely
SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:
Text1
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalk
oftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,
theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.
“Hooray!
Atlast!
”wroteAnthony-sidedTommasini,as
classical-musiccritic.
Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparatively
little
known.
Even
Tommasini,
who
had
advocatedGilbert
’appointments
in
the
Times,
calls
him
“an
unpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.”AsadescriptionofthenedirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.
Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperforms
animpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,or
anywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.
Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthe
greatclassicalmusiciansofthe20
thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoften
muchhigherinartisticqualitythant
oday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe
“consumed”
atatim
placeofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisin
theinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.
Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailable
onrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:
AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,has
describedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrant
organization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?
Merelyexpandingtheorchestra
beenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetween
America’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.
21.
WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert
’sappointmenthas
[A]incurredcriticism.
[B]raisedsuspicion.
[C]receivedacclaim.
[D]arousedcuriosity.
22.
TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23.
Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers
[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.
[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.
[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.
[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.
24.
Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?
[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.
[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.
[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.
[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.
25.
RegardingGilbert
’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text2
WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving
“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,
says.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,
whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.
McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhe
wantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn
recentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodongetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.
Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejump
withoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwith
theleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundfor
aspiringleaders.
Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.Foryearsexecutivesand
headhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.
SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:
”Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhere
instructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”
Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitas
chiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.Itwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatiny
Internet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.He
finallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.
Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmore
acceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostayw
that’beensfundamentallyinverted,says”oneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethose
who’vestayedtoolong.”
26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing
[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.
27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.
’quittingmaybespurredby[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.
28.Theword“poached”
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